The Development of Morphology and Syntax Flashcards by Morariu Miruna

True or False: Newborns prefer listening to their FATHER’S voice and sounds of
OTHER languages.

False: Newborns prefer listening to their mother’s voice and sounds of their native language

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True or False: by the SECOND trimester the fetus can hear mother’s speech

False: By the third trimester the fetus can hear mother’s speech

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Prelinguistic communication is …

Foundation for later language skills!

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True or False: Infants can distinguish different
speech sounds AFTER they
produce them

False: Infants can distinguish different
speech sounds before they
produce them

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Infants’ preferences begin to
narrow towards the_______ of
age

first year of age

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Skill babies use to acquire language:
• Fluent speech does not have clear breaks
• Infants need to recognize where each word starts and ends à word segmentation
• Speech segmentation à Around 8-months of age (Jusczyk & Aslin, 1995)
• Identification of word boundaries is a prerequisite for language acquisition

Speech Segmentation

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Skill babies use to acquire language:
• Infants identify statistical patterns to learn grammatical and lexical patterns of their language
ex: PABIKUgulaponaPABIKUbanoni
• At 8-months of age infants segmented words from fluent speech after 2 minutes of exposure

Statistical Learning

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Age of typical order of emerge of prelinguistic skills:
Shows recognition of own name and first words in a laboratory
setting

4 - 6 months

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Age of typical order of emerge of prelinguistic skills: - Begins to lose the ability to discriminate non-native sounds
- Starts responding to own name and familiar routines (e.g., waves to
“bye-bye”)
- Shows clear recognition of first words

8 - 10 months

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Age of typical order of emerge of prelinguistic skills:
- Turns head to look in the direction of sound
- Prefers listening to native language
- Prefers mother’s voice to a stranger’s
- Discriminates many of the sounds used in speech

Newborn

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Age of typical order of emerge of prelinguistic skills:
- Is able to segment words from fluent speech

6 - 8 months

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True or False: Early babbling sounds are SIMILAR across languages, but these
changes towards the end of the first year

True

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Communication goes beyond the ____________ and ____________ of
sounds

perception and production

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Infants are___________ interactional partners and their actions affect
the subsequent behavior of their ____________

active , caregivers

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Complete: 4 ways infants use to communicate with their care givers:
1. _______________________________________________
2. Give an object to the caregiver
3. ______________________________________________________
4. Look towards an object indicated by a caregiver (around 9 to 12 months)

Show an object to the caregiver while vocalizing
Point to direct attention to an object (around 6 to 10 months)

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What is Joint Attention?

Person purposefully coordinates his or her focus of attention with that of another person.

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Give (3) characteristics of joint attention.

Eye gaze alternation – pointing – showing
Emerge around 12 months of age
Very important communicative skill

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Intentional communication is key for …

Key for language development!

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Assessment of Communicative Intent:
- Caregiver plays with the child in a
natural way
- Trained observer scores the child
behavior
(Low-structured, Structured observation, MBCDI or Rossetti Language scale )

Low-structured Observation

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Assessment of Communicative Intent:
Manipulation of the situation to
increase the likelihood of observing
the behavior of interest (e.g.,
Communicative temptation task)
(Low-structured, Structured observation, MBCDI or Rossetti Language scale )

Structured observation

Assessment of Communicative Intent:
- Assesses communication skills from
birth to 3 years of age
- Areas: Interaction-Attachment,
pragmatics, gesture, play, language
comprehension and expression.
(Low-structured, Structured observation, MBCDI or Rossetti Language scale )

Rossetti Infant-Toddler Language
Scale

Assessment of Communicative Intent:
- Parent questionnaire
- Words and gestures à 8 to 18
months
- Words and sentences à 16 to 30
months
- Norms available for communicative
behaviours
(Low-structured, Structured observation, MBCDI or Rossetti Language scale )

MacArthur-Bates Communicative
Development Inventories – CDI

Vocalizations
with consistent sound patterns
used across situations but
unique to the child

Protowords

Speech directed to babies is typically different to that directed to adults

Infant-directed speech

Characteristics features of IDS:

- Higher pitch - Slower rate of speech - Variable pitch (greater pitch variation) - Exaggerated stress - Simplified sentence structure

The emergence of object reference: - At ___________ , infants show great interest in objects - Around ___________, infants begin to understand that other people have thoughts and goals (infants look in the direction of a point) § Sensitive interactional style = words are most likely learned if caregiver focuses on what the child is interested in - e.g. labelling a toy the child is playing with vs. flashcards or videos

6months 9 months

First words: __________, infants recognize meanings of a few words Around ___________, Production of first word Great variability in children’s early word ___________ and_______________

6 months à infants recognize meanings of a few words Around 12 months à Production of first word Great variability in children’s early word comprehension and production

Intentional communication seems to emerge from many factors: ____________for language __________ given maturation _______ cognitive development Child __________ with caregivers

Biological basis for language Changes given maturation Social cognitive development Child experiences with caregivers

Comprehension and Production of Morphology and Syntax: At the age of _____ children start putting words together

age of 2

Timing of first word combinations is related to:

– Timing of child first words – Time at which child understands approx. 50 words – Mother’s responsiveness to child communication at age 1

True or False: Grammatical and syntax rules are NOT explicitly taught by parents

True

True or False: Children DO NOT comprehend many grammatical rules of their language before producing words

False: Children comprehend many grammatical rules of their language before producing words

How can we assess child’s syntax comprehension?

■ Diary studies ■ Act-out tasks ■ Direction tasks ■ Picture-choice tasks

Early production of syntax: ■ Single-word utterances à ____ to ____months ■ Two-word combination ____ to ____months ■ Longer multi-word utterances ____ to ____ months

■ Single-word utterances à 12 to 24 months ■ Two-word combination à 18 to 24 months ■ Longer multi-word utterances à 24 to 30 months

Experimental method used with prelinguistic infants that tracks eye movement

Preferential looking paradigm

Experimental method where 2-year-olds were showed different brain responses to grammatical vs. ungrammatical sentences

Electrophysiological methods (e.g., ERPs)

True or False: Production is ahead of comprehension

False: Comprehension is ahead of production

What is occurring here at this one-word stage? ■ “Daddy” à “There’s Daddy” ■ “Ball” à “I want the Ball”

■ “Daddy” à “There’s Daddy” ■ “Ball” à “I want the Ball”

True or False: Most of the child of utterances are TWO WORDS long

True

Characteristics of two-word stage

■ Child’s language is creative ( ■ Sentences are simple ■ Early sentences composed of nouns, verbs and adjectives ■ Missing Functions words at this stage

Speech that consist of content words without function words (similar to a telegram) ■ Examples: Give doggie paper, kitty go home?

Telegraphic Speech

What is MLU?

Mean Length of Utterance

■ Index of syntactic development ■ Based on the average length of a child utterance ■ Length is determined by the number of meaningful morphemes

MLU

True or False: Some grammatical morphemes are acquired earlier than others: -ing is acquired before be, and verbal agreement suffix –s is acquired later

True

Definition: predicted order of acquisition – Semantic: Number of meanings encoded in the morpheme – Syntactic: Number of rules required for the morpheme

Linguistic complexity

_________ pronouns acquired are I, it and you __________ and objective pronouns are acquired by age 3 ________pronouns are acquired by age 5

■ First pronouns acquired are I, it and you ■ Subjective and objective pronouns are acquired by age 3 ■ Possessive pronouns are acquired by age 5

True or False: At ages 2 to 3 children DO NOT know that tense must be obligatory marked in main clauses

True

True or False: Around age 3 or 4 children: ■ DT NOT add the plural –s to nouns (mans, foots) ■ Do NOT Use regular past tense on irregular verbs (goed, falled)

False! Around age 3 or 4 children: ■ Add the plural –s to nouns (mans, foots) ■ Use regular past tense on irregular verbs (goed, falled)

■ Pioneering study by Jean Berko Gleason (1958) ■ Children were shown novel creatures and actions that were given invented names ■ They had to add plural and possessive inflections to the nouns ■ They had to add progressive, third-person present tense, and past tense to the verbs ■ Good performance for pre-school and first-grade children

The Wug Test