The Development of social sciences Flashcards

Question

What is psychiatry?

Answer 1

the study and medical treatment of mental disorders

Answer 2

the branch of psychology founded by Carl Jung that, in opposition to psychoanalysis, regards sexuality as only one of many factors influencing human behaviour

Answer 3

the school of psychology originating with John Watson and others that has its goal the prediction and control of human behaviour

Answer 4

the term used by sigmund freud for the part of our minds of which we are unaware, but which freud believed is responsible for most of our behaviour

Answer 5

the term used by Sigmund Freud for the part of the unconscious mind that encourages us to do good things. It is the part of the mind most closely linked to our sense of self

Answer 6

a system of therapy originated by Alfred Adler that focuses more on people's conscious minds than on their unconscious minds. Adler assumed that people are normally aware of the goals and values that motivate them

Answer 7

the term used by Carl Jung to describe an emotionally self-sufficient person who does not encourage a large number of close associations with others and who draws strength or energy from her or his inner life

Answer 8

the branch of psychology that studies ow people perceive and deal with their environment, as well as how they learn, remember, and forget

Answer 9

the technique originated by Sigmund Freud in which a subject matches pairs of words to enable a therapist to gain entry into the subject's unconscious mind

Answer 10

the term used for Sigmund Freud for the part of the unconscious mind that acts as a conscience, serving as a referee between the id and the superego

Answer 11

the term used by alfred adler for normal human feelings of inferiority that can, in extreme circumstances, lead to the inability to function normally

Answer 12

the term used by Carl Jung for a person who seeks a large number of close associations with others and who draws strength or energy from these associations

Answer 13

the branch of sociology that studies society as a while and analyzes how the parts of society should work to achieve stability and well being for all members

Answer 14

the branch of sociology, or the theory based on the work of Karl Marx, that studies how humans compete for scarce resources. Two of the key resources examined are power and control in society

Answer 15

the branch of sociology that focuses on the beliefs and actions of individuals and the meaning that individuals give to their beliefs and actions

Answer 16

the term originated by Auguste Comte for the study of the forces that give a society stability, such as customs, institutions and laws

Answer 17

the term originated by Auguste Comte for the study of the forces that result un change within a society such as war, revolution, economic growth and catastrophe

Answer 18

as used by Auguste Comte, the belief that society has a natural tendency to find a balance between forces of change and forces off stability

Answer 19

The term originating in Auguste Comte's work for the belief that society can only be understood by rigidly applying the scientific method of analysis

Answer 20

the term originated by Emile Durkheim for suicide that is caused by an individual's not sharing any of the major values or goals of society

Answer 21

the term originated by Emile Durkheim for suicide that occurs when people knowingly enter an impossible situation situation and sacrifice their lives for another

Answer 22

the term originated by Emile Durkheim for suicide caused by an individuals being overwhelmed by sudden change in society

Answer 23

The concept originated by Karl Marx of struggle between powerful and powerless groups in society

Answer 24

the term used by Karl Marx for the rich and powerful groups in society who own factories, land and machinery

Answer 25

the term used by Karl Marx for the poor and powerless groups in society who survive by selling their labour

Answer 26

characteristics hat can be observed in every human culture and society, such as ethics, gestures, and superstitions

Answer 27

the different ways in which girls and boys are socialized, or learn to belong to society

Answer 28

Anthropology focuses on the development of the human species and human cultures throughout the world. In order to do this they use a variety of methods including: living with the cultural group for an extended period of time and observing rituals and group behaviour

Answer 29

1) Cultural Anthropology: it examines and compares the culture of living things 2) Social Anthropology: focuses on the social organization of living people 3) Physical Anthropology: has links with natural sciences such as biology and genetics. It studies the evolution of human kind over the last few million years, and compares the genetic characteristics of humans with other biologically similar animals such as apes, gorillas and chimpanzees

Answer 30

1) Culture 2) Myth 3) Kinship

Answer 31

culture to an anthropologist means andy information about behaviour that is transmitted from one person to another and that enables people to live together successfully. Culture is intended to provide a framework to make everyone a better person. It consists of three major elements: 1) material objects that we might possess or desire (i.e. a car or a cow) 2) Attitudes that are considered acceptable (i.e. people of all races are equal) 3) Consists of behaviour that is proper (i.e. not eating with your fingers OR eating with your fingers) Early "ethnographic studies" that is, studies of the culture and tradition of distinct peoples implied that culture is static and clearly defined. In fact culture changes over time and there are usually grey areas about human attitudes or behaviours. Ex. Drinking and driving and unmarried couples living together

Answer 32

A second concept that is important to anthropologists is myth. Myth includes stories that explain the origin of the world and of humans. Myths also recount the lives of cultural heroes and beings with supernatural power. Myths are intended to reassure people about where they have come from and where they are going. Myths also provide reasons why people should practice the most important attitudes and behaviours of their culture. A myth does not mean that the story is false. Myths are the most powerful stories in culture. Myths are the means by which cultural values are transmitted from one generation to the next

Answer 33

Kinship involves the idea that members of a social group define themselves as descended from common ancestors. The most obvious kinship system is family. We identify with other family members because of common descent and assign special importance because of this. Kinship structures vary enormously.

Answer 34

she studied the cultural anthropology. She discovered that our personalities are largely influenced by the society in which we live. She observed that adolescence was not a maturity. Samoan youths didn't experience teenage conflicts, unlike North American youth who had to wait until their 20s to be adults

Answer 35

~cultural anthropologist ~her works included studies on the role of religion in developing and shaping human personality ~Benedict developed the notion that culture was "personality was writ large". In other words a sum of all the personality types ~Shared the belief with Mead that there is a strong link between the characteristics of culture and its peoples personality types ~Studied aboriginal peoples on the American Plains, she studied their societies

Answer 36

he is considered the founder of social anthropology. His early studies help to develop the Functionalist Theory (all social institutions are designed and modified to meet the needs of most of its population). He rejected the theory of "cultural evolution" which held that cultures are built on the foundation of the culture left by its predecessors. Malinowski rejected the theory because its based on the notion that Western Cultures were superior and more advanced than older civilizations of Africa or the Pacific. he deemed the theory to be racist (e.g. Christian's notion of one spouse was he most acceptable notion and other cultures would come to accept it also). Believed that this role of anthropology was not to judge but to explain anthropologists should not rate culture merely on the basis of similarity of differences.

Answer 37

~ Physical anthropologist ~Found a skull in South Africa that was from a transitional stage between ape and human. Named it Australopithecus-southern ape ~By 1947 he discovered other fossil remains that supported his original claim ~His findings were disputed for more than 20 years but in 1947 he discovered more fossils to support his claim

Answer 38

~Leaky did not support the theory that humans had their origin in Asia ~While studying at Cambridge University, Louis and Mary went to Africa where they discovered numerous fossil remains ~They were able to reconstruct civilizations as old as 100 000 BP (Before Present Time) Famous Discoveries: *Austalopitheous 1.5-2 million BP *Homo Habilius 2.2 million BP ~Louis believed that we could get a better understanding of our ancestors lives by studying primates such as chimpanzees, apes, gorillas ~Louis was responsible for recruiting 3 famous female Anthropologists to help conduct studies on primates: Jane Goodall, Birute Galdikas and Diane Fossey ~Louis Leaky specifically selected women to help conduct his studies because he believed that women had more accurate powers at observation

Answer 39

~Began her work in the 1960s observing and recording the lives of chimpanzees ~Observations: * discovered that like humans, chimps learned how to use tools * observed a chimp using a stick to feed on ants * observed they're not strictly vegetarians * Chimps exhibited cannibalism, they sometimes killed other chimps and ate the meat from the carcass *most significant discovery was that chimps lived in highly developed social structures based on the concept of an alpha male * supremacy and leadership was based on aggression and strength

Answer 40

~recruited by and worked for the Leaky family ~1968 she went to Borneo, Indonesia to study wild orangutans ~observations were consistent with the work of Jane Goodall. She discovered Orangutans also lived in highly structured social groups where violence and aggression were instruments for superiority ~Orangutans also displayed acts of cannibalism

Answer 41

1. Opposable thumbs: we can manipulate objects, make tools, write, etc. 2. Speech: We communicate complex ideas, wee use language to teach, develop and share ideas 3. Brain: ours is the most developed, we have a large capacity to learn, we're organized and think in abstract form 4. Movement: we can walk upright on two legs for long distances. We can carry objects and perform tasks while standing 5. Long Dependency Period: Humans are very sociable, we have capacity for close and long lasting relationships and is important in our society

Answer 42

The argument put forth in the great ape debate is whether or not primates should have rights because they are so genetically similar to humans. Some people think it would be morally correct because they are so similar to us (98.4%) but others think that it's pushing "good morals" to the extreme

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~we are all animals ~chimps are humankind's very close relatives ~Animals share the earth and need the protection of laws for their survival

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~the genetic differences are significant and won't change ~extending the rights to chimps debases the rights of human ~Chimps could not understand or employ these rights

Answer 45

1) psychoanalysis 2) Behaviourism 3) cognitive

Answer 46

~it probes the inner most experiences of the subjects/patients (dreams, thoughts, emotions, fantasy) ~understanding the inner experiences of a subject, will help in treating patients suffering from unexplained anxiety, phobias, fears, obsessions, etc

Answer 47

focuses their attention on behaviour that is observable and therefore can be studied more objectively than the invisible mind. Studies often use animals in their studies because they believe the principles of behaviour would remain consistent among all species

Answer 48

cognitive school focuses on how people deal with their environment, how people learn and remember, and where memories are stored, how humans acquire and use knowledge.

Answer 49

``` ~id ~Ego ~Superego ~Conscious minds ~unconscious minds ~defence mechanism ~denial ~displacement ~repression ~personal unconscious ~collective unconscious ~Law of Effect ~Inferiority Complex ```

Answer 50

contains all the memories, thoughts and ideas that we recall

Answer 51

Stores memories, thoughts that we have forgotten, repressed and are unable to recall into our conscious minds (thought). Freud believed that our unconscious mind had a powerful influence on human behaviour. In oder to treat mental disorders, he believed it was necessary to unlock the unconscious mind. He used various methods to research and help probe into his patient's unconscious mind: * hypnosis * free association * inkblots * dream interpretation * talking therapy

Answer 52

a patient would be hypnotized so that they could sort through their unconscious

Answer 53

When there is a splash of ink on a piece of paper and the patient is asked to tell the person what they see

Answer 54

the patient explains dreams their dreams while the psychiatrist interprets its meaning

Answer 55

believed that once patients talk about their problems the symptoms went away

Answer 56

it was explained by Sigmund Freud that these are the techniques that the human mind uses to deal with stress and anxiety. These are denial, displacement and repression

Answer 57

refusing to acknowledge a problem

Answer 58

shifting anger and frustration to a less threatening object/person

Answer 59

removing/forgetting damaging experiences from the conscious memory

Answer 60

the thoughts and ideas that we as individuals have repressed in our unconscious

Answer 61

the unconscious dreams and memories that are shared by all people from the beginning of time. Jung believed that there existed some type of spiritual connections between all people.

Answer 62

behaviours that result in a positive outcome will be repeated and those that result in a negative outcome will be avoided

Answer 63

all people feel inferior at times in their lives as a result they try to compensate by seeking experiences that five them a feeling of power

Answer 64

~known as the founder of psychoanalysis. He developed the concept that humans mind was divided into two parts: the conscious and unconscious mind ~Freud believed that our unconscious mind had a powerful influence on human behaviour. In order to treat mental disorders, he believed it was necessary to unlock the unconscious mind. ~Frued also worked on what he called Defence Mechanism. He explained that these are techniques that human mind uses to deal with stress anxiety ~Freud's work was enormously significant in the development of modern psychiatry

Answer 65

~analytical psychology ~Carl Jung was a follower of Freud but broke ties when he disagreed with Freud about some of his theories of the unconscious mind. Jung believed Freud's theory of the unconscious mind was too simplistic. He developed the idea that the unconscious mind was made up of both a personal and collective aspect ~Personal unconscious and collective unconscious ~Jung theory of Personality Characteristics

Answer 66

He worked with Freud but did not agree with Freud's conclusion that sexuality was the key to understanding personality. Adler believed that a desire for all kinds of power, not just sexual, was what motivated people. Adler developed the system of therapy known as individual psychology which downplayed Freud's theory of unconscious forces. Instead it assumed that people were normally aware of their goals and values that guided them. Adler created the inferiority complex theory. Adler argued that people are maladjusted, because they seek goals that are useless to them and society. Becoming well-adjusted requires higher self-esteem and more worthwhile goals (philanthropy).

Answer 67

He conducted numerous experiments on animal learning (famous cat in a cage experiment). Thorndike discovered that animals can complete tasks more quickly the more often they repeat the tasks. They did so by avoiding techniques that they knew didn't work from previous experiences. He developed the idea known as the law of effect. Thorndike went on to apply his law to classroom curriculum.

Answer 68

1) conflict (Neo-Marxism) 2) Symbolic Interactionism 3) Functionalism

Answer 69

the brain of sociology, or the theory based on the work of Karl Marx, that studies how humans compete for scarce resources. Two key resources examined are power and control in society *the most significant characteristics of human beings is their ability to produce goods to meet their needs and wants

Answer 70

the branch of sociology that focuses on the beliefs and actions of individuals and the meaning that individuals give to their beliefs and actions *the most significant characteristics of human beings is their ability to reason abstractly and think symbolically

Answer 71

the branch of sociology that studies society as a whole and analyzes how the parts of society should work to achieve stability and well-being for all members *best studied as an organic system, very much like the human body. Just as each organ in the human body performs a function, so each institution in society has a specific job to do.

Answer 72

Pure: understand life in human groups Applied: solve social problems Clinical: bring about social change

Answer 73

~considered the inventor of the term sociology ~recognized that societies change over time and that such changes caused difficulty as they tried to adapt ~wanted to identify two major categories for analyzing society: A) Social Static B) Social Dynamics ~Comte believed that society has a natural tendency to reach Equilibrium, or balance, if one institution/practice declines another will take its place to maintain equilibrium ~Comte's most important contribution to society was the concept of positivism. He believed that the study of society should not be left to institution but to rigid scientific inquiry ~He argued that scientists and sociologists have a better understanding of society than Church authorities or politicians

Answer 74

~durkheim lived in a time when law breakers were severely punished for their crimes. He was the first to argue that the reform of criminals was more effective than vicious punishment ~Durkheim was best remembered for his work on suicide. He identified three primary reasons why people might kill themselves: egotistical suicide, altruistic suicide, anomic suicide

Answer 75

~Karl Marx lived during the Industrial Revolution, a time when factories were replacing small workshops. Marx tried to understand why so few became very rich while the majority remained poor ~Marx concluded that the unequal distribution of wealth in society led to struggle between rich and poor-class conflict ~Bourgeoisie: wealthy owners of the factories and means of production ~Proletariat: the poor who survived by selling their labour ~the problems of society could only be solved when wealth was equally distributed among all members of society

Answer 76

~weber modified Karl Marx's conflict approach ~Weber believed that wealth was not enough to explain power differences among special groups. He believed that religion, education, politics, and family structures were also important factors in class differences ~he believed that power came in many forms. Instead of armed revolutions, government bureaucracies should be created to provide essential social service (a people's government)

Answer 77

~he focused on the concept of peoples' freedom to make choices. In making choices we are motivated to fit into society. We will adopt the choices of a behaviour group with which we most strongly identify with depending on our place/role in society

The Development of social sciences Flashcards

(101 cards)