The Endocrine system

Question 1

The endocrine system consists of organs known as _ that secrete _

Answer 1

glands

hormones

Question 2

What are the 3 classifications of hormones

Answer 2

peptides
steroids
amino acid derivatives

Question 3

peptide hormones are _ and cannot pass through the _ so they must bind to an _

Answer 3

polar
plasma membrane
extracellular receptor

Question 4

Peptide hormones trigger a _ with the possibility of _ at each step

Answer 4

signaling cascade

amplification

Question 5

List 3 common secondary messengers

Answer 5

cAMP
IP3 inositol
calcium

Question 6

peptides are _ so they can travel freely in the bloodstream

Answer 6

water-soluble

Question 7

Steroid hormones are derived from _ and can cross the cell membrane bc they are _

Answer 7

cholesterol

lipid soluble

Question 8

steroid receptors are usually _ or _ ;location

Answer 8

intracellular or intranuclear

Question 9

upon binding steroid hormone-receptor complexes experience a

Answer 9

conformational change

Question 10

a common form of conformational change for steroid hormone-receptor complexes is _ ; what is it

Answer 10

dimerization

the pairing of 2 receptor-hormone complexes

Question 11

Steroid hormones must be carried by _ in the bloodstream to travel around the body

Answer 11

proteins

Question 12

Amino acid-derivative hormones include _ _ _ and are derived from 1-2 amino acids usually with a few _

Answer 12

epinephrine, norepinephrine, and thryoxine

modifications

Question 13

What defines a catecholamine; examples,

Answer 13

Amino acid-derivative hormone that bind to G protein coupled receptors
epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 14

What is the difference between direct and tropic hormones

Answer 14

direct hormones are secreted then act directly on a target tissue; whereas tropic hormones require an intermediary to act.

Question 15

most peptide and amino acid derivative hormones have names that end in _ and most steroid hormones have names that end in _

Answer 15

• in or ine

- one, ol, or oid

Question 16

The duration of action of steroid hormones is _ than peptide hormones, but the speed of onset is _

Answer 16

longer

slower

Question 17

What are all the endocrine glands

Answer 17

hypothalamus
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid glands
adrenal glands
gonads
pineal gland

Question 18

The hypothalamus is the bridge between the _ and the _. it regulates the pituitary gland through _

Answer 18

nervous and endocrine system

tropic hormones

Question 19

to maintain homeostasis the release of hormones by the hypothalamus is regulated by _ ;concept

Answer 19

negative feedback

Question 20

What is the hypophyseal portal system

Answer 20

a blood vessel system that directly connects the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary

Question 21

Describe the hypothalamic negative feedback mechanism

Answer 21

the hypothalamus releases CRF to the anterior pituitary. the anterior pituitary releases ACTH to the adrenal cortex and stimulates the secretion of cortisol. Cortisol serves as negative feedback for the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus

Question 22

The posterior pituitary does not receive _ hormones. rather, neurons in the hypothalamus send their axons down the pituitary directly into the posterior pituitary. which can then release _ and _

Answer 22

tropic

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin)

Question 23

FLAT PEG; importance and type

Answer 23

the hormones of the anterior pituitary
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
(tropic)
Prolactin
Endorphins
Growth hormone (GH)
direct

Question 24

Prolactin purpose; and location

Answer 24

stimulates milk production in the mammary glands

Question 25

What do endorphins do

Answer 25

decrease the perception of pain

Question 26

Growth hormone (GH); purposes; net reaction

Answer 26

promotes growth of bone and muscle prevents glucose uptake in certain tissues stimulates the breakdown of fatty acids -This increases the availability of glucose overall and is stimulated by GHRH released via the hypothalamus

Question 27

Importance of the epiphyseal plates

Answer 27

special regions where bone growth originates

Question 28

What can cause gigantism or drawfism

Answer 28

an excess or deficit of growth hormone GH

Question 29

importance of ADH; when is it sent out; where from

Answer 29

secreted via the posterior pituitary in response to low blood volume or increased blood osmolarity. It increases the permeability of the collecting duct in kidneys; increasing the reabsorption of water from the filtrate in the nephron.

Question 30

importance of oxytocin; when is it sent out; where from

Answer 30

oxytocin is unusual and has a positive feedback loop. it allows for coordinated contraction of smooth muscle and may be involved in bonding behavior.

Question 31

The thyroid is controlled by _

Answer 31

thyroid-stimulating hormone

Question 32

What is the thyroid purpose

Answer 32

sets basal metabolic rate and promotes calcium homeostasis.

Question 33

What hormones are important for the thyroids function

Answer 33

Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)

Question 34

mnemonic and purpose of calcitonin

Answer 34

CalciTONin TONes down calcium levels in the blood

Question 35

Parathyroid gland; function, purpose, horomone

Answer 35

secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH raises blood calcium levels, and activates vitamin D.

Question 36

The adrenal glands are located on top of the _; consists of the adrenal _ and _. purpose

Answer 36

kidneys cortex and medulla secretes corticosteroids

Question 37

What are the 3 functional classes of corticosteroids

Answer 37

glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and cortical sex hormones

Question 38

Glucocorticoids; purpose; examples

Answer 38

regulate glucose levels and affect protein metabolism; cortisol and cortisone.

Question 39

Mineralocorticoids; purpose; examples

Answer 39

used in salt and water homeostasis. aldosterone.

Question 40

function of aldosterone

Answer 40

increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the nephron.

Question 41

Describe the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Answer 41

decreases blood pressure causes juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney to secrete renin. renin cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). angiotensin II stimulates the secretion of aldosterone in the adrenal cortex.

Question 42

The 2 types of cortical sex hormones

Answer 42

androgens and estrogens

Question 43

The adrenal medulla purpose

Answer 43

the secretion/production of the sympathetic hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Question 44

What is the islets of Langerhans

Answer 44

located in the pancreas, contain alpha, beta, and delta cells.

Question 45

What do the 3 cell types in the pancreas secrete

Answer 45

alpha- secrete glucagon beta- secrete insulin delta- secrete somatostatin

Question 46

glucagon purpose

Answer 46

secreted during times of fasting, increases glucose production by triggering glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the degrradation of protein and fat.

Question 47

insulin purpose

Answer 47

secreted when blood glucose levels are high. induces the uptake of glucose and store it as glycogen

Question 48

Describe the relationship between blood glucose and insulin

Answer 48

high blood glucose stimulates insulin secretion, which lowers blood glucose. low blood glucose inhibits insulin which increase blood glucose.

Question 49

Differentiate the 2 types of diabetes mellitus

Answer 49

type 1 = caused by autoimmune destruction of the B-cells of the pancreas, results in low or absent insulin production type 2= caused by resistance to the effects of insulin at the receptor level. obesity caused

Question 50

What is somatostatin

Answer 50

an inhibitor of insulin and glucagon secretion.

Question 51

pineal gland purpose

Answer 51

secretes melatonin and involved in circadian rhythms.

Question 52

erythropoietin purpose

Answer 52

stimulates bone marrow to increase the production of erythocytes

Question 53

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) purpose

Answer 53

released via heart to help regulate salt and water balance

Question 54

thymosin purpose

Answer 54

important for proper T-cell development and differentiation

Question 55

what results in acromegaly

Answer 55

overproduction of growth hormone in adults

Question 56

iodine deficiency may result in

Answer 56

cretinism

Question 57

the conversion of ATP to cAMP must caused by a _ hormone

Answer 57

peptide

Question 58

dopamine secretion prevents _ release

Answer 58

prolactin