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Bio Unit 1 > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the endocrine system made up of and what does it secrete

A

The endocrine system is made of glands and tissues that secrete hormones

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2
Q

What are the endocrine glands and what is their function

A

They are ductless organs that produces chemical messengers (hormones) and secrete them into the blood stream

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3
Q

What are hormones

A

They are chemicals that influence metabolism of cells, the growth and development of body parts and homeostasis

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4
Q

What can hormones be classified as

A

Protein and steriods

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5
Q

What is hormone secretion usually controlled by

A

Negative feedback or antagonistic hormones that oppose each other’s actions

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6
Q

What is a chemical signal

A

Any substance that affects cell metabolism or behavior of the individual

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7
Q

What is the action of steroid hormones

A

Steroid hormones enter the nucleus and combine with a receptor protein and the hormone-receptor complex attached to DNA and activates certain genes

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8
Q

What leads to protein synthesis

A

Transcription and translation

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9
Q

What are peptide hormones received by

A

Hormone receptor protein located in the plasma membrane

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10
Q

What does the reception of a peptide hormone lead to

A

Activation of an enzyme that changes ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP)

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11
Q

What does cAMP as a second messanger do

A

Activates an enzyme cascade

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12
Q

Why do hormones work in small quantities

A

Because their effect is amplified by enzymes

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13
Q

How is hormone production regulated

A

In most cases by negative feedback systems. Once the desired outcome is reached, the outcome will inhibit the hormone release

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14
Q

What are hormones classified

A

Tropic and Non-Tropic

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15
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Have endocrine glands as their target

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16
Q

Non-tropic Hormones

A

Don’t have endocrine glands as their target

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17
Q

What does the hypothalamus regulate

A

The internal environment through the autonomic system and also controls the secretions of the pituitary gland

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18
Q

What are the two portions of the pituitary gland

A

Anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary

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19
Q

What does the posterior pituitary do

A

Stores and releases the antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin produced by the hypothalamus

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20
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Secreted during dehydration and causes more water to be reabsorbed by the kidneys; is regulated by a negative feedback loop

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21
Q

Oxytocin

A

Causes unterine contractions and milk release; regulated by a positive feedback loop

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22
Q

How does the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary

A

It produces hypothalamic-releasing hormone and hypothalamic inhibiting hormones

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23
Q

What are the 6 anterior pituitary hormones

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocotricotropic hormone (ACTH), Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Growth hormone, Prolactin

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24
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

Tropic; Stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones

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25
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Tropic; Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol
26
The Gonadotropic Hormones (Follice Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Lutenizing Hormone (LH))
Stimulate the gonads to produce sex cells and hormones
27
What is the basic feedback loop structure
Hypothalamus --> Releasing Hormone --> Anterior Pituitary --> Stimulating Hormone --> Target Gland --> Traget Gland Hormone Once the hormone levels are back to normal then the feedback inhibits release of the releasing hormone and the stimulating hormone
28
Prolactin
Causes the mammary glands to produce milk
29
Growth Hormone
Promotes skeletal and muscular growth
30
Where is the thyroid gland
It's the large gland that is located in the neck, it is attached to the trachea just below the larynx.
31
Where are the parathyroid glands and how many are there
There are 4 parathyroid glands that are embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.
32
What is hypothyroidism
Too little thyroxine present
33
What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism
Cold, fatigue, dry skin, hair loss, weight gain, sleep a lot
34
What is hyperthyroidism
Too much thyroxine present
35
What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism
Jittery, weight loss, fast heart rate, feel warm, mood swings, hair loss, bulging eyes
36
What happens if there is too little iodine in the diet
The thyroid swells and it is due to the continued stimulation by TSH
37
What does calcitonin do
It helps lower calcium levels in the blood
38
How does calcitonin reduce calcium levels
It takes deposits of calcium from the bones
39
What do the parathyroid glands secrete
the parathyroid hormone (PTH)
40
What does PTH do
It raises the blood calcium levels when they are too low and decreases blood phosphate levels
41
How does PTH raise blood calcium
The osteoclasts release calcium from the bones and that calcium gets absorped by the kidneys and intestine
42
What is the feedback loop for thyroxin
The Hypothalamus releases thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) which activates the anterior pituitary to release thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). This causes the thyroid to release thyroxin. Once there is enough thyroxin in the body, the feedback inhibits the release of TRH and TSH.
43
What is the feedback loop for Calcitonin
When there is too much calcium in the blood, the thyroid releases calcitonin which will increase the reabsorption of calcium by the bones. This will result in lower levels of calcium in the blood. Once the levels of calcium are back to normal the thyroid will inhibit the release of calcitonin
44
The feedback loops for the parathyroid hormones
When there is a low level of blood calcium the parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone. This causes an increase of reabsorption of calcium by the intestine and kidneys while also causing an increase of calcium release from the bones. This in return will increase blood calcium which will inhibit the parathyroid from releasing PTH.
45
Where are the adrenal glands located
The adrenal glands sit on top of the kidneys and have an inner adrenal medulla and an outer adrenal cortex
46
What does the hypothalamus and pituitary gland use to control the adrenal gland
ACTH-releasing hormone (ACTHRH) And ACTH
47
How does the hypothalamus regulate the medulla
By direct nerve impulses
48
What does the adrenal medulla secrete
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
49
What does the adrenal cortex produce
Glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids
50
What are glucocorticoids
Cortisol
51
What does cortisol promote
The breakdown of muscle proteins to amino acids which the liver then breaks the amino acids to glucose Also promotes metabolism of fatty acids
52
What are mineralocorticoids
Aldosterone
53
What does aldosterone cause
It causes the kidneys to reabsorb the sodium ions and excrete pottasium ios
54
What does aldosterone do
When blood sodium levels and blood pressure are low, the aldostrone system raises the blood pressure
55
What is the feedback loop for cortisol
The hypothalamus releases ACTHRH which causes the anterior pituitary to release andrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which causes the adrenal gland to release cortisol. Once cortisol levels are normal there is an inhibit in the production of ACTHRH and ACTH.
56
Where is the pancreas located
Between the kidneys and the duodenum and provides digestive juices and endocrine functions
57
What does the Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans secrete
- Insulin, from the beta cells -Glucagon, from the alpha cells
58
What does Insulin do
- Lowers blood glucose - Insulin makes cells more permeable to glucose
59
What does glucagon do
- Increases blood glucose levels - Causes a conversion of glycogen to glucose
60
What is Diabetes Mellitus
The failure of the pancreas to produce insulin or the inability of the body cells to take it up
61
What is Type I diabetes mellitus
The pancreas does not produce insulin and the patient requires insulin injections
62
What is Type II diabetes mellitus
The pancreas produces insulin but the body cells do not respond
63
What is diabetes insipidous
ADH production in the pituitary decreases or response to ADH causes frequent urination. Can be treated by ADH nasal spray.
64
What is the feedback loop for high blood glucose
When there is high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin which causes the permeability of cells to glucose increase and the increase in the conversion of glucose to glycogen. Once blood glucose decreases the body inhibits the release of insulin.
65
What is the feedback loop for the decrease in blood glucose
The decrease of blood glucose causes the pancreas to release glucagon which increases the conversion of glycogen to glucose. Once the blood glucose levels go back up the body inhibits the release of glycogen.
66
Where are the testes located and what do they produce
They're located in the scrotum and they produce the male hormone testosterone.
67
What do the ovaries do
They produce estrogen and progesterone
68
What is the feedback loop for LH and FSH in Females
The hypothalamus releases gonadtropin releasing hormone (GnRH) which causes the antierior pituitary to release FSH and LH to the ovaries. The ovaries then produce estrogen and progesterone. When they're done producing then it inhibits the hypothalamus and anti.pituitary from producing them.
69
What is the feedback loop for LH and FSH in Males
The hypothalamus releases the GnRH to the anti. pituitary which releases LH and FSH to the testes. The testes then produce sperm which is inhibin and testosterone. Once the sperms produced there is only an inhibit on the anti. pituitary. When testostrone is fully produced then there is inhibit on both the hypothalamus and anti. pituitary.

Bio Unit 1 (4 decks)

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