The Endocrine System

Question 0

What are the three types of endocrine disease?

Answer 0

Over production
Underproduction
Mass lesions

Question 1

Describe what happens during negative feedback of hormones?

Answer 1

Stimulus - gland - hormone - blood - hormone - target cells

Question 2

Which hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

Answer 2

Oxytocin and ADH

Question 3

Which 6 hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

Answer 3

Growth hormone, lutenising hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocortitrophic hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone.

Question 4

What diseases of the pituitary can you get?

Answer 4

Adenomas - hyper
Injury, surgery, radiation, inflammation - hypo
Local mass effect - compression of optic chasm

Question 5

What is the most common cause of hyperpituitarism?

Answer 5

Adenoma

Question 6

What are the two types of pituitary adenomas?

Answer 6

Functional - secretes prolactin

Non functional - grows but no hormone

Question 7

How big are macro adenomas?

Answer 7

> 1cm in diameter

Question 8

Which five hormones can be produced by pituitary adenomas?

Answer 8

Prolactin, growth hormone, FSH/LH, TSH, ACTH.

Question 9

What causes excess growth?

Answer 9

Acromelagy

Question 10

When does hypopituitarism occur?

Answer 10

With loss of 75% or more of the anterior pituitary parenchyma.

Question 11

Give four causes of hypo pituruitarism

Answer 11

Ischaemic necrosis of the pituitary - sheehans syndrome. (After pregnancy, bleed, hypotension.)
Non functioning adenomas
Surgery or irradiation
Inflammatory lesions

Question 12

Describe the thyroid system

Answer 12

Hypothalamus - TRH
Anterior pituitary - TSH
Thyroid gland - T3 and T4
Negative feedback

Question 13

List five causes of hyperthyroidism

Answer 13

Graves' disease
Over treatment by thyroxine
Infective - de Quervains thyroiditis
Toxic multinodular goitre
Toxic adenoma

Question 14

How would you test for hyperthyroidism?

Answer 14

Thyroid function test

Question 15

How would you treat hyperthyroidism?

Answer 15

Carbimazole/propylthiouracil with thyroxine
Radioactive iodine
Thyroidectomy
Treat the cause

Question 16

What is a complication of hyper and hypothyroidism?

Answer 16

Goitre

Question 17

Give five causes of hypothyroidism

Answer 17

Iodine deficiency
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Latrogenic - surgery, radiation
Pituitary defects
Congenital

Question 18

How would you manage hypothyroidism?

Answer 18

Thyroxine

Question 19

What is the most common type of thyroid cancer?

Answer 19

Papillary carcinoma

Question 20

What does the parathyroid hormone control?

Answer 20

Calcium absorption

Question 21

What are three causes of hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 21

Thyroidectomy
Congenital
Hereditary (autoimmune)

Question 22

What are symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 22

Muscle contractions
Irritability
Tetany
Seizures

Question 23

What are the symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 23

Constipation 
Dizziness
Seizures
Depression
Muscle wasting 
Polyuria
Bone fractures 
Kidney stones

Question 24

What are the causes of hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 24

Primary - adenoma Secondary - chronic renal failure Tertiary - after renal transplant

Question 25

Describe the train of hormones secreted from the adrenal glands

Answer 25

``` Hypothalamus - CRH Anterior pituitary - ACTH Zona glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids Zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids Zona reticularis - testosterone, oestrogen ```

Question 26

What causes hyperaldosteronism?

Answer 26

Primary - conn's disease | Secondary - due to high renin

Question 27

What are the symptoms of conn's disease?

Answer 27

Oedema Hypertension High sodium Low potassium

Question 28

What are four purposes of cortisol?

Answer 28

Essential to life Emulates blood sugar Inhibits inflammation Stress response

Question 29

What is it called when you have an excess release of cortisol?

Answer 29

Cushing's syndrome

Question 30

When are your levels of cortisol lowest?

Answer 30

In the morning

Question 31

What two things can cause Cushing's syndrome?

Answer 31

ACTH releasing tumour - pituitary/lung | Steroids

Question 32

What three things can cause Addison's disease?

Answer 32

Autoimmune Infection Neoplasms

Question 33

What are 4 symptoms of Addison's disease?

Answer 33

GI - vomiting, diarrhoea, nausea, anorexia Weight loss Hyperpigmentation Low sodium, high potassium

Question 34

What is the name of a tumour of the adrenal medulla?

Answer 34

Phaeochromocytoma

Question 35

What are the symptoms of a phaemochromocytoma?

Answer 35

Hypertension, sweating, palpitations, nervousness, increased metabolic ratio, rapid heart rate.

Question 36

What is multiple endocrine neoplasia?

Answer 36

Group of inherited diseases resulting in proliferative lesions of multiple endocrine organs