The Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
What are two of the main hormones produced by the pancreas?
A
The pancreas has endocrine cells which compose the islets of Langerhan. The α-cells produce and secrete glucagon and the β-cells produce and secrete insulin.
2
Q
What cells secrete adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)?
A
Adrenocorticotropes (ζ amphophils) are stimulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) to secrete adrenocorticotropin (ACTH).
3
Q
What are ε acidophils and what product do they secrete?
A
Mammotropes, or lacticotropes, (ε acidophils) are stimulated by prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) to secrete prolatin (PRL).
4
Q
What do atrial myocardial cells, or atrial myocardiocytes, produce and secrete?
A
Atrial myocardial cells, or atrial myocardiocytes, produce and secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
5
Q
What are the three parts of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)?
A
The anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) is composed of the pars distalis, pars intermedia, and the pars tuberalis.
6
Q
What cells secrete follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)?
A
δ-2 basophils are gonadotropes that are stimulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to secrete follice-stimulating hormone (FSH).
7
Q
What do the zona fasciculata cells of the adrenal cortex secrete?
A
The zona fasculata cells, or spongiocytes, of the adrenal cortex secrete glucocorticoids, such as cortisol and corticosterone.
8
Q
What hormone is produced and released by the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamic nuclei?
A
The supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamic nuclei produces and releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to the capillaries of the pars nervosa of the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis). Release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) occurs when the cell bodies of the supraoptic nucleus are stimulated by high blood osmocity. Once released into the capillaries, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) enters the bloodstream to target cells in the renal tubular collecting ducts, stimulating the kidney to increase water reabsorption, decreasing blood osmocity, and producing more concentrated urine.
9
Q
What is the parathyroid gland composed of?
A
The parathyroid gland is composed of tightly packed chief cells.
10
Q
What is/are the target organ(s) of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?
A
δ-2 basophilic gonadotrophic cells produce follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which acts on the testes and ovaries.
11
Q
What cells secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?
A
Thyrotropes (β basophils) are stimulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
12
Q
What structure to steroid hormones bind to upon reaching their target cells?
A
Steroid hormones pass through the plasma membranes of their target cells and bind directly to the nucleus.
13
Q
What are examples of polypeptide hormones?
A
Oxytocin and prolactin are polypeptide hormones.
14
Q
What pancreatic cells produce and secrete insulin?
A
β-cells of the pancreas produce and secrete insulin.
15
Q
What occurs when thyroglobulin is secreted from thyrofollicular epithelial cells?
A
Thyrofollicular epithelial cells, or the cells lining the follicles of the thyroid gland, secrete thyroglobulin via endocytosis and convert it to active triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine, which is also referred to as thyroxine (T4).
16
Q
What pancreatic cells secrete glucagon?
A
The α-cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon.
17
Q
What type of cardiac cells produce and secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
A
Atrial myocardial cells, or atrial myocardiocytes, produce and secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
18
Q
What are Herring bodies?
A
Herring bodies are swellings along the hypothalamic axons extending into the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) where hormones are stored prior to their release into the capillaries of the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis).
19
Q
What cells secrete luteinizing hormone (LH)?
A
δ-1 basophils are gonadotropes that are stimulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to secrete luteinizing hormone (LH).
20
Q
What specific hypothalamic nucleus is responsible for the production and release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
A
The supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamic nuclei produces and releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to the capillaries of the pars nervosa of the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis). Release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) occurs when the cell bodies of the supraoptic nucleus are stimulated by high blood osmocity. Once released into the capillaries, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) enters the bloodstream to target cells in the renal tubular collecting ducts, stimulating the kidney to increase water reabsorption, decreasing blood osmocity, and producing more concentrated urine.
21
Q
What is/are the target organ(s) of prolactin (PRL)?
A
Mammotrophic, or lactotrophic, cells (ε acidophils) secrete prolactin, which acts on the mammary glands and the testes.
22
Q
What are the secretory cells of the pineal gland (epiphysis) and what hormone to they produce?
A
The secretory cells of the pineal gland (epiphysis) are pinealocytes. Pinealocytes produce and secrete variable amount of melatonin in response to stimuli detected in the retina. When light is not stimulating the retina (darkness), pinealocytes are stimulated to secrete melatonin. This produces every animals 24 hour circadian rhythm.
23
Q
What is another name for the pineal gland?
A
The pineal gland is also known as the epiphysis cerebri.
24
Q
What do pancreatic β-cells produce and secrete?
A
The β-cells of the pancreas produce and secrete insulin.
25
Where is melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) secreted from?
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is released from the pars intermedia of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis).
26
What action does thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) have on the thyroid gland?
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates the synthesis, iodination, and proteolysis of thyroglobulin.
27
What cells do endocrine organs originate from?
Endocrine organs originate from epithelial tissue, or the ectoderm of the developing embryo.
28
Identify the four regions of the histological section taken from a pituitary gland (hypophysis).
* Pars distalis of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) = green
* Hypophyseal cleft = purple
* Pars intermedia of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) = blue
* Pars nervosa of the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) - gold
29
What cells secrete prolactin (PRL)?
Mammotropes, or lacticotropes, (ε acidophils) are stimulated by prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) to secrete prolactin (PRL).
30
What are the secretory cells of the adrenal medulla?
Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine, which is stored in secretory granules.
31
Explain the process in which hormones are released into the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) and subsequently systemic circulation.
The collection of neurons within the hypothalamus, or the hypothalamic nuclei, release hormones into the capillaries within the pars nervosa of the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis). Hormones released into these capillaries continue through the bloodstream, into the collecting vein below the pituitary gland, where they enter systemic circulation to travel to their target tissues.
32
What do thyrofollicular epithelial cells produce and secrete?
Thyrofollicular epithelial cells, or cells lining the follicles of the thyroid gland, produce and secrete thyroglobulin.
33
What is another name for the pituitary gland?
The pituitary gland is also known as the hypophysis cerebri.
34
What are α acidophils and what product do they secrete?
Somatotropes (α acidophils) are stimulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) to secrete growth hormone (GH).
35
Identify the region of the adrenal gland shown in the histological section.
This is the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. You can identify this region by its increased vascularization and the arch-like orientation of the cells.
36
What are the different kinds of secretory cells that compose the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas?
The islets of Langerhans of the pancreas are composed of α-cells, β-cells, δ-cells, and F cells.
37
What are examples of amino acid hormones?
Triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and catecholamine (epinephrine and norepinephrine) are amino acid hormones.
38
What characteristic distinguishes endocrine glands from other glandular tissues?
The endocrine system is a ductless gland system that secretes its products internally or into an intracellular compartment whereas other glandular tissues secrete their products onto cell surfaces or into a duct.
39
Identify the two regions of the histological section taken from a pituitary gland (hypophysis).
40
What primary endocrine organ is present only in birds?
The ultimobranchial bodies are a primary endocrine organ that are only present in birds.
41
How do hormones reach their target cells?
Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands into the bloodstream where they remain until reaching their target tissues.
42
What cells compose the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)?
The pars distalis of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) is composed of two types of chromophils, acidophils and basophils, and chromophobes, which do not take up much of the stains.
43
What portion of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis is responsible for the majority of hormone secretion?
The pars distalis of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) is responsible for the majority of hormone secretion.
44
What do pancreatic α-cells produce and secrete?
The α-cells of the pancreas produce and secrete glucagon.
45
What is the main function of the pineal gland (epiphysis)?
The main function of the pineal gland (epiphysis) is to maintain regular daily rhythyms of bodily activity.
46
What hormone is produced and released by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamic nuceli?
The paraventricular nucleus produces and releases oxytocin in response to a neurological signal produced by neonatal or infant suckling. Stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus releases oxytocin into the capillaries of the par nervosa of the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis), where oxytocin enter the bloodstream. Once in the bloodstream, oxytocin travels to myoepithelial target cells within the mammary gland, stimulating contraction of the milk producing alveoli, resulting in milk letdown.
47
Identify the region of the adrenal gland shown in the histological section.
This is an image of the adrenal medulla. This region is composed of chromaffin cells that have a columnar to cuboidal ("plump cuboidal cells") with indistinct vacuoles.
48
What are the layers of the adrenal cortex?
The adrenal cortex has three layers:
1. Zona glomerulosa
2. Zona fasciculata
3. Zona reticularis
49
What do the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney produce and secrete?
The juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney produce and secrete renin.
50
What hormone is an antagonist of parathyroid hormone?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases the concentration of calcium in the blood, whereas calcitonin decreases the concentration of calcium in the blood. Therefore, calcitonin is an antagonist of parathyroid hormone (PTH).
51
By what process is thyroglobulin released from thyrofollicular epithelial cells?
Thyrofollicular epithelial cells, or cells lining the follicles of the thyroid gland, release thyroglobulin via endocytosis.
52
What is stored in the follicular lumen of the thyroid gland?
Colloid is the term for thyroglobulin stored in the follicular lumen of the thyroid gland.
53
What cells of the small intestine secrete cholecystokinin (CCK)?
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is produced and secreted by enteroendocrine cells in the epithelium mucosae of the small intestine to stimulate gall bladder contraction.
54
Melatonin allows the animal to, consciously or subconciously, be aware of what?
Melatonin is exclusively involved in signaling the time of day and time of year (season) to the animal.
55
What are hormones composed of?
Hormones can be composed of: proteins, glycoproteins, polypeptides, amino acids, and steroids.
56
What type of hormone stimulates the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)?
Stimulation of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) requires a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus.
57
What structure do most hormones bind to upon reaching their target cells?
Most hormones bind to receptors on the target cell surface. Steroids, however, can pass through the plasma membrane of target cells and bind directly to the nucleus.
58
What are the three portions of the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)?
The posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) is composed of the pars nervosa (pars posterior), the infundibular stalk (infundibulum), and the eminentia mediana (median eminence).
59
What are δ-2 basophils?
δ-2 basophils are gonadotropes that are stimulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
60
Identify the region of the adrenal gland shown in the histological section.
This is an image of the zona reticularis layer of the adrenal cortex. You can identify this region by its high level of vasculature and the foamy appearance (lipid vacuoles) of the cells.
61
What are the function of the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland?
Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete calcitonin in response to high blood calcium. Calcitonin acts to lower the concentration of calcium in the blood by inhibiting osteoclasts in the bone and stimulating the kidneys to increase calcium secretion.
62
What hormone is an antagonist to calcitonin?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases the concentration of calcium in the blood, whereas calcitonin decreases the concentration of calcium in the blood. Therefore, calcitonin is an antagonist of parathyroid hormone (PTH).
63
What are the types of acidophilic cells within the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)? What releasing hormone stimulates them? What hormone do they secrete?
There are two types of acidophilic cells within the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis). Somatotropes (α acidophils) are stimulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) to secrete growth hormone (GH). Mammotropes, or lacticotropes, (ε acidophils) are stimulated by prolatin-releasing factor (PRF) to secrete prolactin (PRL).
64
Identify the following structures on the histological section of the pituitary gland (hypophysis). Be sure to specify whether or not the structure is part of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) or the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis).
* Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) = gold
* Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) = green
65
What is/are the target organ(s) of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)?
The pars intermedia of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) secrete melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), which act on the melanocytes in the epidermis.
66
Where to the cell bodies of the hypothalamic nuclei reside?
The cell bodies of the hypothalamic nuclei are located within the hypothalamus.
67
What is the function of erythropoietin?
Erythropoietin is a cytokine for red blood cell precursors and controls erythropoiesis, or red blood cell production.
68
Explain the process in which hormones are released into the primary capillary plexus and their influence on the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis).
The collection of neurons within the hypothalamus, or the hypothalamic nuclei, release hormones into the primary capillary plexus of the portal system. The hormones released into the primary capillary plexus are known as releasing hormones, which enter the capillaries and travel down to the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis). Once they reach the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis), they are secreted from the secondary capillary plexus and bind to target cells, releasing either stimulating or inhibitory hormones, which then re-enter the secondary capillary plexus and travel to distant target cells via the collecting vein below the pituitary gland (hypophysis).
69
What substances are secreted from endocrine organs?
Endocrine organs secrete hormones, which travel to the bloodstream to their target cells/organs within the body.
70
What is/are the target organ(s) of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?
Thyrotropic cells (β basophils) secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which acts on the thyroid gland.
71
Describe the rate of production and length of response specific to the endocrine system.
Hormones typically are released in slow, wave-like pulses, which elicit a sustained response from target organs.
72
What region of the stomach secretes gastrin?
The pyloric region of the stomach secretes gastrin.
73
What is an example of a protein hormone?
Insulin is a protein hormone.
74
What two hormones are produced by the kidney?
The kidney produces renin and erythropoietin.
75
How does calcitonin react with its target tissue(s)?
Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete calcitonin in response to high blood calcium. Calcitonin acts to lower the concentration of calcium in the blood by inhibiting osteoclasts in the bone and stimulating the kidneys to increase calcium secretion.
76
What are the major functions of endocrine organs?
Endocrine organs are responsible for maintaining homeostatic conditions (internal environment), growth and development, energy production, energy storage, energy utilization, and reproduction.
77
What structure within the pancreas has an endocrine function?
The endocrine cells of the pancreas reside in the islets of Langerhans.
78
Are the testes and ovaries primary or secondary endocrine organs?
The testes and ovaries mainly function as reproductive organs; however, their cells do possess some endocrine function, which means they are secondary endocrine organs.
79
What is/are the target organ(s) of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)?
Corticotrophic, or adrenocorticotrophic, cells (ζ amphophils) secrete adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), which acts on the adrenal cortex.
80
Identify the labeled regions of the histological section of the thyroid gland.
* A: Thyroid follicle
* B: Parafollicular (clear) cells
* C: Thyrofollicular epithelial cells, lining cells of the thyroid follcile, or follicular cells of the thyroid gland
* D: Colloid, or thyroglobulin stored in the lumen of the thyroid follicle
81
What are parafollicular (clear) cells?
Parafollicular (clear) cells are located in the thyroid gland and secrete calcitonin in response to high blood calcium.
82
What stimulates the pineal gland (epiphysis) to secrete melatonin?
The absence of light (darkness) stimulates the pineal gland (epiphysis) to secrete melatonin.
83
What do the zona reticularis cells of the adrenal cortext secrete?
The zona reticularis cells of the adrenal cortex secrete weak androgens, such as dehydroepiandrosterone.
84
What cells secrete growth hormone (GH)?
Somatotropes (α acidophils) are stimulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) to secrete growth hormone (GH).
85
What is the function of the chromophobic cells within the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)?
The function of chromophobic cells within the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary (adenhypophysis) is not really known. It is suspected that they are normal acidophilic or basophilic cells that have secreted all of their hormone products, or that they are immature or stem cell forms of pituitary epithelial tissue.
86
What is another name for the hypophysis cerebri?
The hypophysis cerebri is also known as the pituitary gland.
87
What is the function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and what cells of what organ(s) does it target?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) decreases blood pressure by promoting sodium (Na+) and water loss at the distal convoluted tubules of the kidneys.
88
What regulates the synthesis, iodination, and proteolysis of thyroglobulin?
Synthesis, iodination, and proteolysis of thyroglobulin is regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
89
Identify whether the thyroid follicles labeled A, B, and C are active or inactive. What are the distinguishing characteristics of an active and inactive thyroid follicle?
* Follicle A is an inactive thyroid follicle, which is indicated by the dark ("black") cytoplasm of the thyrofollicular epithelial cells, flattened appearence of the thyrofollicular epithelial cells, and the "flush" edges of the follicle.
* Follices B and C are active thyroid follicles, which is indicated by the "scalloped" margins of the thyroid follicle and the clear, vaculated cytoplasm of the thyrofollicular epithelial cells.
90
What hormone is secreted by the small intestine to facilitate gall bladder contraction?
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is produced and secreted by enteroendocrine cells in the epithelium muscosae of the small intestine to stimulate gall bladder contraction.
91
What do the zona glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex secrete?
The zona glomerulosa cells of teh adrenal cortx secrete mineralcorticoids, such as aldosterone.
92
What is another name for the epiphysis cerebri?
The epiphysis cerebri is also known as the pineal gland.
93
The pyloric region of the stomach produces and secretes what hormone?
The pyloric region of the stomach produces and secretes gastrin.
94
What are δ-1 basophils?
δ-1 basophils are gonadotropes that are stimulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to secrete luteinizing hormone (LH).
95
Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland originate from what embryonic cells?
Parafollicular cells originate from the neural crest of the developing embryo.
96
Where are antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin stored prior to being released into the bloodstream?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin are produced by magnocellular (large cell bodied) neurons in the hypothalamic nuclei and transported from the hypothalamus via hypothalamic nuclei axons to Herring bodies within the pars nervosa of the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis), where they are stored until stimulated to be released into the bloodstream.
97
What are examples of steroid hormones?
Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, and aldosterone are all steroid hormones.
98
Identify the structures identified on this histological section of the pars nervosa of the pituitary gland (hypophysis).
Herring bodies look like round hypereosinophilic areas around the pituicytes and are the storage sites of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin. Pituicytes provide structure and nourishment to the axons.
99
What cells produce and secrete thyroglobulin?
The thyrofollicular epithelial cells, or the cells lining the follicles of the thyroid gland, produce and secrete thyroglobulin.
100
Where are the terminal ends of the hypothalamic nuclei?
The hypothalamic nuclei have axons that extend from the hypothalamus to the primary capillary plexus of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) and capillaries of the pars nervosa of the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis).
101
What are the two types of seasonal breeders?
Long-day breeders, such as horses, cycle during late spring, summer, and early fall when the days are longest. Short-day breeders, such as sheep, goats, deer, and elk, cycle during the fall when the days are getting shorter and experience a period of anestrus in spring and summer.
102
Identify the region of the adrenal gland shown in the histological section.
This is the zona fasciculata layer of the adrenal cortex. You can identify this region by its column-like organization of cells, called spongiocytes, and its decreased vascularization.
103
What specific hypothalamic nucleus is responsible for the production and release of oxytocin?
The paraventricular nucleus produces and releases oxytocin in response to a neurological signal produced by neonatal or infant suckling. Stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus releases oxytocin into the capillaries of the par nervosa of the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis), where oxytocin enter the bloodstream. Once in the bloodstream, oxytocin travels to myoepithelial target cells within the mammary gland, stimulating contraction of the milk producing alveoli, resulting in milk letdown.
104
What is the median eminence (eminentia mediana)?
The median eminence (eminentia mediana) is the small attachement between the hypothalamus and the infundibulum.
105
What is/are the target organ(s) of luteinizing hormone (LH)?
δ-1 basophilic gonadotrophic cells produce luteinizing hormone (LH), which acts on the ovaries and testes.
106
What two hormones are released by the hypothalamus into the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)?
The hypothalamic nuclei release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin directly into the capillaries of the pars nervosa of the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis).
107
What are β basophils?
Thyrotropes (β basophils) are stimulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
108
Identify the structure within the gold circle and the specific cells present within the red and green circles on the histological section of pancreatic tissue.
The encircled structure is an islet of Langerhans. However, you are unable to identify the specific cells that compose this structure without the use of special staining techniques.
109
Briefly describe the embryonic origin of the pituitary gland (hypophysis).
The primitive anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) starts off as the hypophyseal pouch, which originates from an invagination of pharyngeal ectodermal cells (primitive oral epithelial cells). The primitive posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) is called the neurohypophyseal bud, which is composed of neuroectodermal cells of the diencephalon.
110
What are examples of glycoprotein hormones?
Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are all glycoprotein hormones.
111
What is the function of the parathyroid gland?
The chief cells of the parathyroid gland secrete parathormone, or parathyroid hormone, (PTH) into the capillaries. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases the concencentration of calcium in the blood via increased intestinal and renal calcium reabsorption and stimulation of osteoclasts to increase bone resorption.
112
Which is the dominant portion of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)?
The bulk of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) is composed of the pars distalis.
113
What renal cells produce and secrete renin?
Renin is produced and secreted by juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney.
114
What is the definition of a primary vs. a secondary endocrine organ?
A primary endocrine organ mainly functions as an endocrine organ. A secondary endocrine organ has some other function, but its cells may also have an endocrine function.
115
What embryonic cells give rise to pinealocytes?
Pinealocytes are derived from the neuroectoderm.
116
What hormone is critical for seasonal breeders?
Melatonin is invloved in signaling the time of year, or season, to the animal. This allows seasonal breeders to "known" when to ovulate.
117
What are ζ amphophils?
Adrenocorticotropes (ζ amphophils) are stimulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) to secrete adrenocoricotropin (ACTH).
118
What is/are the target organ(s) for growth hormone (GH)?
Somatotrophic cells (α acidophils) cells produce growth hormone, which act on all cells within the body.
119
What types of basophilic cells compose the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)? What stimulates them? What hormones do they secrete?
There are four types of basophilic cells within the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis). Thyrotropes (β basophils) are stimulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). There are two types of gonadotropes, δ-1 basophils and δ-2 basophils, both of which are stimulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). δ-1 gonadotrophic basophils release luteinizing hormone (LH). δ-2 gonadotrophic basophils release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Adrenocorticotropes (ζ amphophils) are stimulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) to secrete adrenocorticotropin (ACTH).
120
What portion of the brain links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland?
The hypothalamus is the portion of the brain that links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis).
