The Endocrine System quiz 2

Question 1

Direct communication

Answer 1

• Exchange of ions and molecules between adjacent cells across gap junctions
• Two cells of the same type
• Highly specialized and rare

Question 2

Paracrine communication

Answer 2

Uses chemical signals to transfer information from cell to cell within single tissue
- most common form of intercellular communication

Question 3

Endocrine communication

Answer 3

Endocrine cells release chemicals(hormones) into bloodstream
- alters metabolic activities of many tissues and organs simultaneously

Question 4

Target cells

Answer 4

Are specific cells that possess receptors needed to bind and “read” hormonal messages

Question 5

Hormones

Answer 5

• Stimulate synthesis of enzymes or structural proteins
• increase or decrease rate of synthesis
• turn existing enzyme or membrane channel “on” or “off”

Question 6

Synaptic communication

Answer 6

Ideal for crisis management

• occur across synaptic cleft
• chemical message is “neurotransmitter”
• limited to a very specific area

Question 7

Endocrine system

Answer 7

-Uses chemical messengers to relay information and instructions between cells

Question 8

Classes of hormones

Answer 8

Amino acid derivatives
Peptide hormones
Lipid derivatives

Question 9

Secretion and distribution of hormones

Answer 9

Hormones circulate freely or travel bound to special carrier proteins

Question 10

Amino acid derivatives

Answer 10

Are small molecules structurally relates to amino acids

• tyrosine - thyroid hormones
• tryptophan - serotonin - melatonin

Question 11

The endocrine system directs ….

Answer 11

Long term processes such as puberty and pregnancy

Question 12

Sudoriferous gland

Answer 12

Is NOT an endocrine gland

Question 13

Gall bladder

Answer 13

DOES NOT contain endocrine tissue

Question 14

Class of hormones that is water-soluble

Answer 14

Eicosanoids, amines, peptides, and proteins

Question 15

Calcitonin and parathyroid

Answer 15

Have opposite effects in blood Ca2+ level, therefore they are considered to be antagonist

Question 16

Hormone secretion is regulated by (3)

Answer 16

The nervous system, by other hormones; and by changes in blood composition

Question 17

ADH

3 functions

Answer 17

Aka vasopressin; inhibits loss of water via urination; decreases loss of water via perspiration; and helps regulate blood pressure

Question 18

The adrenal glands : location

Answer 18

Lie superior and medial to he kidneys

Question 19

Inner medulla: adrenal glands

Answer 19

derived from embryonic ectoderm,

Question 20

Outer cortex: adrenal glands

Answer 20

secrets hormones critical to maintenance of homeostasis

Question 21

A child has sugar for all three meals. His body tried to maintain his blood glucose level w/ normal range by

Answer 21

Increasing insulin secretion

Question 22

Fight-or-flight response

Answer 22

Is the body’s immediate response to a real or perceived threat to survival: elevates heart rate, respiration rates & blood glucose levels: decrease urinary and digestive functions

Question 23

Hormones remain functional for less than 1 hour than … (3) distributions

Answer 23

Diffuse out of the blood or bind to receptors on target cells; broken down and absorbed by cells of liver or kidneys; broken down by enzymes

Question 24

Presence or absence of specific receptors

Answer 24

Hormonal sensitivity

Question 25

Amplification

Answer 25

magnifies effect of hormone on target cell; Binding of small number of hormone molecules to membrane receptors; leads to thousands of second messengers in cell; magnifies effect of hormone on target cell

Question 26

Down-regulation

Answer 26

Presence of a hormone triggers decrease in number of hormone receptors; when levels are high cells become less sensitive

Question 27

Up-regulation

Answer 27

Absence of a hormones triggers increase in number of hormone receptors; levels are low cells become more sensitive

Question 28

G protein

Answer 28

Enzyme complex coupled to membrane receptor; link between first and second messenger

Question 29

Pituitary gland

Answer 29

Aka hypophysis: lies within the Stella Turcica: release 9 important peptide hormones: bind to receptors

Question 30

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Answer 30

Aka adenohypophysis: hormones "turn on" endocrine glands or support other organs: three regions

Question 31

Portal vessels

Answer 31

Blood vessels link two capillary networks in the pituitary gland

Question 32

Thyroid glands

Answer 32

Lies anterior to thyroid cartilage of larynx: consists of two lobes: deliver nutrients & regulatory hormones

Question 33

Functions is thyroid hormones

Answer 33

Enter target cells by transport system: affect most cells of the body: in children essential for skeletal, muscular and nervous systems

Question 34

Calorigenic effect

Answer 34

Cell consumes more energy resulting in increased heat generation: responsible for strong, immediate, & short-lived increase in rate of cellular metabolism

Question 35

Effects of PTH parathyroid hormone

Answer 35

Stimulate osteoclasts and inhibits osteoblasts: release calcium from bone: enhance re absorption of Ca2+ at kidneys, reduce urinary losses

Question 36

Zona reticularis

Answer 36

Network is endocrine cells: narrow band bordering each adrenal medulla

Question 37

Pineal gland

Answer 37

Lies posterior portion of roof of third ventricle: pea size:

Question 38

Pancreas

Answer 38

Lies between inferior boarder of the stomach: proximal portion of small intestine: exocrine and endocrine gland

Question 39

Blood glucose levels rise

Answer 39

Beta cells secrete insulin,

Question 40

Blood glucose levels low

Answer 40

Alpha cells release glucagon stimulating glucose release by liver

Question 41

Insulin

Answer 41

Peptide hormone released by beta cells

Question 42

Thymus

Answer 42

Help develop and maintain normal immune defenses

Question 43

Gonads

Answer 43

Testes : testosterone : secret inhidin in nurse cells, support differentiation and physical maturation of sperm

Question 44

Gonads: ovaries

Answer 44

Estrogens: