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PSY280 > The eye and seeing > Flashcards

The eye and seeing Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Sensory receptors

A
  1. Vision
  2. Hearing
  3. Smell
  4. Taste
  5. Tocuh
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2
Q

The neuron

A

A signal is received by dendrites
Information is set along the axon via an action potential until it reaches the terminal buttons

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2
Q

Neuronal communication (3 activities from any signal cell)

A
  1. Spontaneous firing: when the cell is not receiving any signal, still random potential
  2. Excitatory activity: increase in frequency of action potential (increases chances of action potential)
  3. Inhibitory activity: fewer action potential compared to spontaneous (decreases chances of action potential)
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3
Q

Synapse

A

small gap between the terminal buttons and (typically) dendrites

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4
Q

Y-shape neural processing

A

excitatory connection

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5
Q

Straight-line neural processing

A

Inhibitory connection

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6
Q

Neural processing

A

The modulation of the neural signal at the synapse allows communication between different neurons/interactions between different stimuli

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7
Q

Spare coding

A

smaller of neurons that respond to a stimulus; stimulus is still coding by located at the distribution

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8
Q

Population coding

A

more neurons show activity; determined by the activity across the cells

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9
Q

Behaviour of light (2 sources of light)

A
  1. Point source: light coming from one point (ex. the sun, light bulb)
  2. Diffuse illumination: light comes from everywhere (ex. light on a cloudy day, the light is coming from every direction because the clouds are covering certain sections)
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10
Q

Radiance

A

how much light coming off a source

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11
Q

Light can do 3 things when it comes in contact with a surface

A
  1. Transmission (ex. light goes through the object)
  2. Absoprtion
  3. Reflection (ex. mirror)
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12
Q

Illuminance

A

how much light is hitting the surface

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13
Q

Reflectance

A

the proportion of luminance compared to illuminantion

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13
Q

Luminance

A

how much light is being reflecting from a surface

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13
Q

Brightness

A

psychological judgement of radiance and/or luminance

Refers to the absolute amount of light from an object
Think of when you walk into a bright room

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14
Q

Lightness

A

psychological judgement of reflectance

Refers to the percentage of light reflected from an object
Think of the shade (light = more white)

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15
Q

Pupil

A

like camera aperture to control the amount of light entering the light

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15
Q

Pinhole camera

A

a. the image is smaller and inverted

b. the image is very faint

c. the results in a blurry image

d. add a lens, so each point is now focused and the image is harp; the image is still inverted and small, but it is clearer

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15
Q

Lens

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A

can accommodate focusing on object at different distances

16
Q

Retina

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A

where image is projected

17
Q

Anterior chamber

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A

the front part of the eye between the cornea and the iris

18
Q

Cornea

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A

hard structure outside of eye, to protect the eye; important for bending light

19
Q

Iris

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A

gives eye colour, ring of muscles to help pupil change sides

20
Posterior chamber
fluid, maintains pressure of eye
21
Scieria
our of circle of the eye
22
Optic disc
neurons leave the eye toward the brain; blood vessels in and out (blind spot is located) (no photoreceptors)
23
The lens: accommodation
lens changing shape to focus on different objects Goal is for light to come to a point on the retina
24
Accommodation (thin lens)
Lens gets thinner to focus on far objects Point that lens can no longer bring far objects into focus is called the far point
25
Accommodation (thick lens)
Lens is thick to focus on near objects Point that lens can no longer bring near objects into focus is called the near point
26
Problem with accommodation (Myopia)
Myopia (nearsightedness) The eyeball is too long or the lens is too thick Negative lens diverges light allowing it to focus again on the retina
27
Problem with accommodation (Hyperipia)
Hyperopia (farsightedness) The eyeball is too short or the lens is not able to accommodate sufficiently Positive lens converges the light allowing it to focus on the retina
28
Problem with accommodation (Presbyopia)
Presbyopia (old vision) The lens loses its ability to accommodate with age Positive lens converges the light allowing it to focus on the retina
29
Cones (cones = colours)
Photopigment: photopsins I, II, III (opsins + retinal) Important for colour vision) Makes up our photopic system Used for vision in bright light Important for visual acuity Mostly located in fovea
29
Rods
Not sensitive to colours Makes up our scotopic system Used for vision in dim light Important for sensitivity to light Mostly located in retinal periphery (none in fovea)
30
Photoreceptors
connected to each other via horizontal cells Horizontal cells are important for modifying the strength of neighbouring photoreceptors (essential for lateral inhibition)
31
Bipolar cells can be categorized based on their size
1. Diffuse bipolar cells are connected to many photoreceptors (usually connected to rods) 2. Midget bipolar cells are only connected to one photoreceptor (usually connected to cones)
32
Bipolar cells can be categorized based on their response to light
ON bipolar cells respond to a light signal (reduced activity from photoreceptors) OFF bipolar cells respond to the absence of a light signal (increased activity from photoreceptors)
33
Two types of Ganglion cells
P cells - connected to cones via midget bipolar cells - little convergence - small receptive fields (little conversions, small # of cones that converge to P ganglia size) - colour sensitivity M cells - connected to rods via diffuse bipolar cells - lots of convergence - large receptive fields - colour insensitive
34
Two systems for light and dark
1. Rods --> diffuse bipolar cells --> M ganglion cells --> light sensitivity 2. Cones --> midget bipolar cells --> P ganglion cells --> visual acuity and colour
35
What is the output of an OFF bipolar cell that detects depolarization from s rod?
Depolarization
36
Less sensitive
in bright light; more pigments bleached
37
More sensitive
Dim light; fewer pigments bleached
38
Cones are quick to what?
quick to adapt (regenerate), but never get very sensitive to light
39
Rods are slow to adapt?
slow to adapt (regenerate), but are very sensitive to light
40
Little patch of dark, light everywhere else
OFF ganglion cells
41
Little patch on light, dark everywhere else
ON ganglion cells
42
Antagonistic ganglion receptive fields
result of lateral inhibition from horizontal cells and writing with bipolar cells Light in centre = excitatory Light outside = inhibition

PSY280 (5 decks)

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