the family: beyond attachment

Question 1

dimensions of parenting

Answer 1

• expressed affection
• involvement
• conflict
• control
• monitoring
• teaching
  security

Question 2

Baumrind 4 dimensions of parenting

Answer 2

• control
• nurturance
• clarity of communication
• maturity demands

Question 3

parenting scale

Answer 3

high to low responsiveness

high to low demandingness

Question 4

parenting styles

Answer 4

authoritative
permissive
authoritarian
neglectful

Question 5

authoritarian

Answer 5

• high control
• high demands
• orders should be obeyed
• low nurturing and responsiveness
• associated with children with low levels of independence and social responsibility

Question 6

permissive

Answer 6

• high love and affection
• less control
• children are less mature and lack impulse control

Question 7

authoritative

Answer 7

• good warmth but also good boundaries and demands
• competent and socially responsible children

Question 8

neglectful

Answer 8

neglectful

low levels of social competence

Question 9

Dornbusch questionnaire parenting scale

Answer 9

teenagers answered LARGE SAMPLE

authoritarian parenting: parents tell youth not to argue with or question adults

permissive parenting: hard work in school is not important to parents - no rule concerning TV

authoritative parenting:
everyone should help with decisions in the family; parents tell the youths to look at both sides of issues

top third of one index = that type of parent

top third of more than one = mixed parent

Question 10

Dornbusch questionnaire findings

Answer 10

how the parent types related to the child’s GPA

• IN ALL CASES PURE AUTHORITATIVE PARENTING = HIGHEST GPA (however weakest significance) - being female was a more significant predictor of GPA
• ALL INDICES = LOWEST

Question 11

beyond school performance review paper

Answer 11

authoritative parenting results in

• fewer behaviour problems
• better adaptive behaviours
• less depression
• more life satisfaction
• less substance abuse

Question 12

cross cultural difference

Answer 12

• western samples
• found that this styles are still prevalent
• however, different cultures favour different outcomes and behaviours
• so the most favourable style here is not necessarily the most favourable elsewhere
  e.g .families may be seeking obedience
• all compared to india which is also seeing a cultural shift from authoritative to authoritarian
• within countries may find differences too:

Question 13

within culture differences

Answer 13

chinese-american = more likely to be authoritarian

even more so in higher economic disadvantaged areas

even neighbourhoods have an effect

Question 14

cross cultural ideal parent

Answer 14

english and french:

• loving, patient, listening, present

Africa and Asia:

• responsible, demeanour focused, family-focused

a lot of variation within countries though e.g. parental education level had a big influence

Question 15

current persepctives

Answer 15

• shift towards parenting in terms of dimensions rather than global styles
• domain-specific models - parenting is multifaceted and situationally determined
• big emphasis on child-driven processes - child’s role
• greater emphasis on how different cultures interpret behaviours differently - preferential vs no

Question 16

child parent effects

Answer 16

• parents adjust parenting depending on child’s stage of development
• adjust based on child’s independece
• adjust based on child individual temparements and behaviours

Question 17

bidirectionality

Oliver 2015

Answer 17

one thing predicts the other, whilst the other also predicts the original thing - goes both ways

parenting predicts child conduct

child conduct predicts parenting

specifically at ages 4 to 7

conduct problems at age 4 predict negative parenting at age 7

Question 18

family systems theory

Answer 18

marital relationship

father-child relationship

mother-child relationship

all interconnected and overlap

wholeness - organised whole, spill over effect

integrity of sub-systems - can be studied in own right e.g. mother child relations

circularity of influence: change in one has implications for all e.g. divorce

stability and change: outside influences can change it

Question 19

Stroud et al Marital functioning –> child adjustment

Answer 19

• tested spillover effects of marital relationship to family interactions and child adjustment

marital functioning: range of self and partner report measures and coding of conflict discussions

family interactions: videos of triadic and dyadic interactions

child adjustment: internalising and externalising behaviour parent report questionnaire of child behaviour