The Family Part 1

Question 1

What is the main function of the family

Answer 1

to socialise the young

Question 2

what is the family as a social system

Answer 2

‘two or more persons related by birth, marriage, adoption, or choice, who have emotional ties and responsibilities to each other’`

Question 3

what are the three types of effects families can have on the person

Answer 3

• direct effects
• reciprocal effects
• indirect effects (e.g. mothers have are in good marriage are more sensitive towards child)

Question 4

on do parenting practices influence child outcomes, what are the three propositions that are central to Harris?

Answer 4

• parental behaviours no effect on psychological characteristics that children will have as adults
• peer groups primary envir. influence on psych
• dyadic relationships are situation specific, although powerful emotions, produce only temporary changes in behaviour

Question 5

what are the three theories about child-rearing practices

Answer 5

• social cognitive theory
• attribution theory
• attachment theory

Question 6

what are the three sociocognitive influences on child rearing

Answer 6

1. modeling
2. enactive experience
3. direct tuition

Question 7

what are the sociocognitive regulators

Answer 7

1. social sanctions
2. self sanctions
   self-efficacy expectations

Question 8

name some techniques for eliminating behaviour

Answer 8

• verbal punishment
• physical punishment
• extinction
• withdrawal of love
• reasoning

Question 9

name some techniques for strengthening behaviour

Answer 9

• material rewards
• social rewards
• verbal attributions
• direct instructions & maturity demands

Question 10

name some factors that influence the effectiveness of disciplinary practices

Answer 10

• link bw behaviour and consequences
• verbal reasoning
• consistency
• avoid unnecessarily harsh discipline
• age-appropriate demands

Question 11

What is the difference between physical punishment & corporal punishment?

Answer 11

physical punishment results in physical injury - behaviours that do not result in significant physical injury are considered corporal punishment

Question 12

what are the two largest effect sizes associated with corporal punishment

Answer 12

immediate compliance & victim of child abuse

Question 13

according to kazdin & benjet (2003) what percentages of US parents use spanking with children 17 yrs or younger

Answer 13

74%

Question 14

what is spanking

Answer 14

hitting a child with an open hand on the buttocks or other extremities wit the intent to discipline without leaving a bruise or causing physical harm

Question 15

what are the three views on spanking

Answer 15

1. pro-corporal punishment
2. anti-corpora punishment
3. conditional corporal punishment - a “blanket injunction” against spanking cannot be supported scientifically

Question 16

discuss gershoff’s (2002) view on spanking

Answer 16

• main positive view on spanking was immediate compliance

- but many negative effects (decreased internalisation of moral standards, poor-parent child relations etc.)

Question 17

what was Baumrind’s (2002) criticism of gershoff

Answer 17

her reanalysis of the studies indicated that some categorised as involving harsh punishment could be considered physical abuse, and those outcomes were more negative

Question 18

what are 4 methodological issues with this area

Answer 18

1. varied definitions
2. retrospective reports
3. spanking preceded negative behaviour
4. parents who spank less read more & hug their children more - co-effects

Question 19

discuss definitional issues

Answer 19

how to define mild punishment ‘mild & occasional’ - hard to obtain agreement on what that means

Question 20

what are 4 negative side-effects of physical punishment

Answer 20

• imitation of aggression hypothesis
• avoidance of parents
• anxiety inhibits recall of disciplinary encounter
• highlights external control

Question 21

the experience of physical discipline during the first five years increased/decreased externalising problems in who

Answer 21

increased in european american children in kindy & third gradde, but had no effect on African American children

Question 22

what did Lansford et al. 2005 study

Answer 22

examined whether normativeness of physical discipline moderates the link between mother’s use of physical discipline & children’s adjustment

Question 23

according to Lansford’s study, what countries showed high usage of physical punishment

Answer 23

Kenya, India & Italy

Question 24

what 2 things did Lansford et al. 2005 find about normativeness

Answer 24

countries with lowest normative use of physical discipline showed the strongest positive association b/w mothers use of physical discipline & their children’s behaviour problems
-in all countries high physical discipline was associated with more neg. outcomes

Question 25

discuss religious issues & physical punishment of children

Answer 25

literal interpretations of the bible associated with chld abuse potential, however social conformity was v important e.g. church attendance

Question 26

data from Fragile Families & Child Wellbeing showed that

Answer 26

adolescent mothers were at greater risk of using harsh parenting than older mothers - the issue is knowledge about parenting practices

Question 27

what did Chavis et al. 2013 find about positive attitudes

Answer 27

positive attitudes towards physical punishment were associated with higher use of physical punishment