the formation of the Crusader States Flashcards
(54 cards)
what are the 3 provinces?
-Antioch
-Edessa
-Tripoli
what did the survival of the states rely on?
-lack of unity in the Muslim world
-alliances formed with Muslim tribes and leaders
-aid from the west
-establishment of the military orders
-building of castles to control the land.
who ruled Edessa first and what did he do?
-ruled by Baldwin I, married a local princess and adopted local habits
-included locals in governance and granted religious toleration.
who should Edessa have been returned to?
-Byzantium
what was good and bad about Edessa?
-fertile region and therefore crucial source of food
-suffered from Muslim raids and was the most at-risk state.
who were the first and second rulers of Antioch?
-Bohemond first but he struggled to maintain his position and he was captured and imprisoned between 1100-1103.
-his nephew Tancred ruled as regent and then Prince, he relied on norman officials to rule and avoided pitched battles with Muslims.
who was the first ruler of Tripoli?
- founded by Raymond of Toulouse
why was Tripoli important?
-was the port for Damascus.
who ruled Jerusalem first? and who ruled after?
-Godfrey of Bouillon, decided there would be no King but Christ in Jerusalem, died in 1100.
-his brother Baldwin came to Jerusalem and crowned himself King on Christmas day 1100.
what was the field of blood?
-1119 Rodger of Antioch’s army was defeated near Aleppo and around 700 knights and 3000 soldiers were killed.
what problems did Baldwin face as King of Jerusalem?
-not enough soldiers to defend Jerusalem
-couldn’t get aid from across the sea.
how did Baldwin ensure loyalty from his nobles?
-created few lordships for Barons
-limited territory given and instead were rewarded with money.
what Italian states dominated trade in the Holy Land?
-Genoa
-Venice
-Piza
what were the four most important ports?
-Antioch
-Tripoli
-Tyre
-Acre
what did the Crusader states gain from the involvement of the Italian States?
-relieved of building merchant fleet and the protection of it
why were Italian City States so important to the Crusaders?
-allowed them to export and import goods
- get help military
what are the motives behind the Italians?
-commercial privileges
-religious reasoning
how were the Italian states important for the foundation of the Crusader states?
-July 1097 13 vessels left Genoa and helped the siege of Antioch.
-June 1099 helped the siege of Jerusalem
what problem did Baldwin II have in terms of succession?
-he had 4 daughters and no son so he needed a strong son in law.
how did Baldwin II use his daughters to try and consolidate his powers?
-from his deathbed made sure that Fulk would not rule alone but with his wife and son.
who was the Fulk of Anjou? and what issues did he cause?
-became joint ruler of Jerusalem with Melisende in 1131.
-from the start he assumed sole control and excluded his wife.
-was resented by 2nd gen Jerusalem Christians.
what was the rebellion of Hugh of Jaffa?
-1134 Fulk accused Hugh of infidelity and so he rebelled, secured himself to Jaffa and allied with Muslims of Ascalon and defeated army set against him by Fulk
-eventually Fulk agreed to peace and Hugh was exiled for 3 years.
arguments that suggest the weakness of the Crusader States were the main threat to their survival?
-always short of men and without the disunity of Muslim forces it is unlikely they would have survived.
-succession to the rule of states and rivalry between crusader Lords also were a threat to survival.
-1131 the death of Baldwin I led to further problems over succession in Jerusalem.
arguments that suggest that there were other reasons which were the main threat to the survival?
-geographical positioning of the states as no natural or defensive borders to the east.
-1104 muslim rulers of Mosul and Marain joined together in fight and defeated Crusaders who were trying to take the south east of Edessa.
