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The French Revolution and Napoleon Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the meaning of revolution

A

Struggle for a complete / radical change by overthrowing the old political system

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2
Q

When and where did revolutions happened?

A

Europe and America in the 18th-19th century

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3
Q

Why do revolutions happen? (big + 3small + conclu)

A

Discontent with government / criticism against government

Autocratic government , absolute monarchs , foreign rulers

Corrupt and inefficient government

Social inequality, social and economic sufferings of the people

=No rights as in a feudal system

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4
Q

main reason of French Revolution (hint: 2)

A

Influence of the Enlightenment and the American revolution

Problems of the French government

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5
Q

What was Europe ruled by?

What does it believe in?

A

Absolute monarch

Divine right of kings

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6
Q

What is enlightenment?

A

An intellectual movement started by educated Europeans (French)

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7
Q

What does enlightenment promote 3

A

Basic human rights
Equality before law / rule of law
Popular sovereignty (rule with consent of people)

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8
Q

How does enlightenment threaten the ruler

A

People would take up arms against tyranny, as they believe in their right to revolt against tyranny

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9
Q

Tyranny

A

A government in which a ruler or a small group of people have absolute power and exercise the power cruelly and unjustly

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10
Q

How American revolution led to French Revolution

A

The success showed that common people can overthrow a tyranny and set up a democratic government
Financial support

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11
Q

Political problems of French government (hint: 1 pt 1 conclu)

A

Louis xvi was not interested in politics and his ministers made all the decisions

Inefficient and corrupt government

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12
Q

Financial problems of French government (3 pt 1 conclu)

A

Louis xvi needed money for entertainment-> taxes ( new land tax)
Luxurious life of the queen Marie Antoinette and the court
Louis xiv-> participation in foreign wars leads to heavy military expenditure

Bankrupt of government

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13
Q

Social problems of the French government 2 pt 1 conclu

A

Serious inflation and unemployment
Poor harvest and starvation

Failed to address the social problems faced by the people

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14
Q

Was there social inequality in French (18th century

Describe the situation

A

Power and wealth were concentrated in a privileged minority (first second estate)
Majority of the population suffered and did not have rights

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15
Q

King in French society 3

A

Unlimited rights
Largest landowners
Exempted from most of the taxes

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16
Q

First estate 3

A

Clergy
Best position in government and army
Exempted from most of the taxes

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17
Q

Second estate 3

A

Nobility
No political power
Wealthy

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18
Q

Third estate 2

A

Bourgeoisie
City workers
Peasant
Suffered the most from heavy taxation 75% of income

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19
Q

two events leading to french revolution

A

meeting of the estates-general

the tennis court oath

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20
Q

what is estates-general

A

french parliament to discuss financial or political matters

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21
Q

why dud louis xvi called a meeting of estates-general

A

urgent problem: financial difficulties

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22
Q

what is the motion of the meeting of estate-general

A

nobles and clergy should pay taxes

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23
Q

How did the estates-general meeting ended?

A

the third estate thought the one-estate-one-vote system was unfair
the third estate withdrew from the meeting

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24
Q

why was the one-estate-one-vote system unfair

A

the privileged classes would always vote against the majority of population

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25
What did the third estate set up after withdrawing from the estates-general meeting?
national assembly
26
what did the national assembly do 3
represent the people protect people's right participate in law-making process
27
what did the people of third estate do in the tennis court
swore they would not give up until they had drawn up a constitution for France
28
what does a constitution do 2
limit the power of the ruler | ensure the basic natural rights of people
29
what does the tennis court oath show?
the determination of the people to create a constitutional government for France
30
what does people of paris attacking the bastille leads to
french revolution
31
what does bastille symbolize? why
tyranny | political prisoners were kept there
32
why did parisians marched on to the bastille
louis xvi planned to send in troops to dissolve the national assembly
33
when is the french national day? why
14th july | day of storming of the bastille (french revolution
34
which ideas did the national assembly adopted?
the declaration of the rights of man (enlightenment ideas
35
what are the 3 colours of french flag | why
blue (liberty) white (equality) fraternity (red)
36
republic
a form of government in which the citizens elect representatives to manage the government
37
who ruled in the reign of terror (people + ruling body
jacobins (e.g robespierre | committee of public safety as the ruling body
38
why were people killed in the reign of terror
they were suspected of being against the revolutionaries (counter revolutionary
39
describe the reign of terror （2 adj
not truly equal and democratic
40
what did they use to kill people in the reign of terror
guillotine
41
what were the background of the directors in the directory
bourgeoisie
42
where was napoleon born
corsica
43
in which campaign did napoleon defeat austria? where?
italian campaign | italy
44
why was there egyptian campaign
directory send an expedition to egypt to undermine britain's trade interests in india
45
result of egyptian campaign 2
victorious on land but defeated by Britain Navy at sea | starvation and diseases spread among his soldiers -> retreat
46
after napoleon ended the directory what did he set up what did he become
consulate | first consul
47
what did napoleon do to himself after restoring monarchy
crowned himself emperor of the french empire
48
what did napoleon ended and what did he started after ending the previous one
first french republic | first french empire
49
what did napoleon became after defeating 4th coalition
master of europe
50
why did napoleon rise to power (internal x 2 external x 1
the directory was an ineffective and corrupt and incapable government french people are tired of the chaos since the outbreak of the french revolution and longed for strong leader who bring law and order napoleon defeated the first coalition and brought glory to france and was regarded as a national hero
51
problems of the directory 3
failed to solve the problems the people faced doesn't know how to fight a war only protects the interest of the rich
52
what happened since the revolution which made the people fed up 5
``` poverty starvation lack of sense of security high-handed suppression by directory internal rebellions and infighting ```
53
why was there lack of a sense of security since the revolution
fear of revolts and crimes
54
name one rebellion during the directory
royalist uprising
55
name 3 achievements of napoleon
a huge empire established fought many napoleonic wars reforms
56
what countries became dependent states of france 3
spain itailan german states | kingdom of italy and confederation of the rhine
57
which countries became french allies 2
prussia austria
58
which countries did not become french allies
britain portugal sweden
59
what did napoleon turn holy roman empire into
german dependent states
60
why was britain a threat to france 3
``` english channel separating france and britain -> slim chance of winning powerful navy strong economy (sufficient food production ```
61
results of continental system
no fear of starvation in britain | harmed economy of europe
62
name 5 reforms by napoleon and benefits
fair tax system (improve economic status of the people fair chances for everyone to be recruited in the government and army (improve social status of people + government free trade, industry, agriculture, education (improve economy improve transportation by building roads, bridges, canals (improve economy napoleonic code (protect the right of people
63
name 3 laws of napoleonic code
``` protect personal property abolish class division and feudal privileges give everyone the freedom to choose their religion and job ```
64
benefits of reforms 3 cons 1 as a whole
provides more protection and rights for the french people improve their living standard favorable to the rule of napoleon (more popular members of allies and dependent states thought napoleon wasn't following the code -> threat
65
name 4 battles which napoleon was defeated
peninsular war the russian campaign the battle of nations battle of waterloo
66
cause of peninsular war
spanish people rose against french rule, napoleon put down the revolt and punished portugal for acting against the continental system
67
result of peninsular war | why
defeated | britain royal navy helped spain and portugal
68
cause of the russian campaign
napoleon wanted to punish russia for trading with britain
69
result of russian campaign and why
forced to retreat and faced heavy causalities (died of hunger, cold, and russia's attack on their way home russian employed the scorched-earth policy, burning the city, leaving no food supply
70
cause of the battle of nations
after napoleon lost the russian campaign, european countries joined together in 6th coalition against france
71
result of battle of nations
defeated and gave up his throne, exiled to island of elba | louis xviii, brother of louis xvi restored
72
cause of battle of waterloo
escape back to france a year after being exiled and ruled for 100 days, european rulers were in the middle of congress of vienna, dealing with the problems left by him -> 7th coalition against him
73
result of battle of waterloo 3
british and prussian armies defeated napoleon exiled to island of st helena died 6 years later
74
significance of french revolution and napoleonic era
ideology of nationalism and liberalism
75
nationalism 2
people of the same race, culture, language, religion should be unified and politically independent loyal to the nation, not the king, can overthrow a bad king
76
significance of nationalism after napoleonic era (1big 2examples
encouraged independence and unification movements greece and belgium gained independence italy and germany formed by unifying divided italian and german states
77
significance of liberalism after napoleonic era
revolutions against autocratic governments in different parts of europe (austria, france, spain / people asked for liberal constitution and political rights for the people

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