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internal med unit 3 > the gastrointestinal system 1 & 2 > Flashcards

the gastrointestinal system 1 & 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

mouth, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

A

upper GI tract

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2
Q

small intestine
large intestine

A

lower GI tract

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3
Q

what organ accomplishes digestion and absorption of nutrients

A

small intestine

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4
Q

what organ absorbs water and electrolytes, storing waste products of digestion until elimination?

A

large intestine

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5
Q

true or false: gut immune system has 70% to 80% of the body’s immune system

A

true

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6
Q

what is the muscular aspect of diarrhea?

A

electrolyte imbalance

endocrine disorder

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7
Q

what is the neurogenic aspect of diarrhea?

A

diabetic enteropathy

hyperthyroidism

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8
Q

diarrhea is caused by what medication?

A

antibiotics

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9
Q

constipation is caused by what medications?

A

opioids

diuretics

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10
Q

peptide ulcer disease

A

a break in the lining of the stomach or duodenum of 5 mm or more owing to a number of different causes

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11
Q

what are three types of peptic ulcer diseases?

A

gastric ulcer

duodenal ulcer

stress ulcer

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12
Q

what are the most common causes of PUD?

A

NSAIDs, low dose aspirin, and H. pylori bacterial infection (90%)

psychologic stress, diet, caffeine, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption

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13
Q

to prevent PUD, you must maintain a balance between the mucosal defenses and contributing insults. What are the defenses and insults?

A

defenses: mucous and bicarbonate layer, an epithelial barrier, prostaglandins, and adequate mucosal blood flow

contributing insults:
acid, pepsin, alcohol, bile salts, and drugs

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14
Q

what are the most common contributing insults to PUD?

A

NSAID use and H. pylori

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15
Q

how is PUD often discovered if there is no symptoms?

A

bleeding

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16
Q

what is a classic symptom of PUD and where is the pain referred?

A

burning, gnawing, or cramping near the xiphoid or radiating to the back

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17
Q

how can pain for PUD be relieved?

A

eating

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18
Q

what is hematemesis? and what disease is a sign of?

A

vomiting blood

PUD

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19
Q

what is hematochezia? and what disease is it a sign of?

A

bleeding per rectum

PUD

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20
Q

what is melena? and what is it a sign of?

A

dark, tarry stools secondary to blood

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21
Q

what is a perforation and where does it happen?

A

sudden severe pain

thoracic spine from T6-T10 with radiation to the right upper quadrant

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22
Q

what are some prevention and treatments for PUD?

A

medication modification
antibiotics for H. pylori
lifestyle changes
probiotics
endoscopy

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23
Q

where does perforate and hemorrhage refer pain?

A

back pain

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24
Q

where does ulcer pain radiate to?

A

mid thoracic back and right shoulder

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25
what reduces the risk of GI bleeding?
moderate exercise training
26
what is a hiatal hernia?
esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm becomes enlarged, allowing the stomach to pass through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity
27
what is the most common hiatal hernia?
sliding
28
What is a rectal fissure?
a rectal or anal fissure is an ulceration or tear of the lining of the anal canal, usually on the posterior wall
29
how does an acute rectal fissure occur?
excessive tissue stretching or tearing, such as childbirth or passage of a large, hard bowel movement through the area
30
what are some symptoms of a rectal fissure?
sharp pain burning accompanied by defecation, bleeding, spasms, mucus, and itching
31
when do anal fissures heal?
within 1-2 months
32
how do anal fissures get treated?
combination of bran and bulk of laxatives or stool softeners, sitz baths, and emollient suppositories
33
what are hemorrhoids?
varicose veins of a pillow-like cluster of veins that lie just beneath the mucous membranes lining the lowest part of the rectum and anus
34
what are PT implications for hemmorhoids?
spasms in sphincter, pelvic floor pain, and trigger points in pelvic and glut muscles
35
true or false: hemorrhoids are not associated with an increase in intraabdominal pressure
false: it is
36
what are internal hemorrhoids?
occur in the lower rectum
37
how are internal hemorrhoids noticed?
when a small amount of bleeding occurs during passage of stool, especially if straining occurs during a bowel movement
38
what are external hemorrhoids?
located under the skin around the anus bleed (bright red blood) if the hemorrhoid is injured or ulcerated
39
why external hemorrhoids painful?
they form in nerve-rich tissue outside the anal canal
40
how can external hemorrhoids be treated?
with local application of topical medications, sitz baths, high fiber diet, and avoidance of constipation and other causes of intra-abdominal pressure
41
what is diverticulosis?
the presence of outpouchings in the wall of the colon or small intestine the mucosa and submucosa herniate through the muscular layers of colon
42
what is diverticulitis?
inflammation/infection of the diverticula with possible complications such as perforation, abscess formation, obstruction, fistula formation, and bleeding
43
what are some risk factors of diverticular disease?
constipation physical inactivity eating red obesity smoking NSAID, chronic steroids, and immunosuppressants
44
what is uncomplicated diverticular disease?
when diverticula become blocked, bacteria that are trapped inside begin to proliferate, causing infection and inflammation
45
what is complicated diverticular disease?
a fistula may develop with the bladder
46
what is pneumaturia and fecaluria? what is it associated with?
air in the urine urine in the stool and it is associated with complicated diverticular disease
47
what are some medical management recommendations for diverticular disease?
CT imaging test to see elevated WBCs colonoscopy lifestyle change surgery
48
when should you get a colonoscopy for diverticular disease?
4-6 weeks after resolution of the initial attach, avoid in the acute stage
49
what medications should you take for diverticular disease?
antibiotics and pain control
50
what are some PT implications of diverticular disease?
avoid activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure to avoid further herniation physical activity and exercise have protective effect and lowers the risk of diverticulitis and diverticular bleeding
51
where is diverticular disease refer pain to? and where does pain regularly occur?
referred pain in hip or thigh back pain
52
what is appendicitis?
an inflammation of the vermiform appendix that results to necrosis and perforation with peritonitis
53
when does appendicitis mostly occur?
peak incidence between the ages of 15-19
54
does appendicitis happen in males or females more?
males
55
what is appendicitis primarily caused by? and is it secondarily caused by?
primarily: obstruction of the lumen secondarily: bacterial infection
56
one third of appendicitis is caused by what occurence?
obstruction that prevents normal drainage
57
what happens if normal drainage in the appendix is obstructed?
the intraluminal pressure rises and eventually exceeds the venous pressure causing ischemia, necrosis, and perforation
58
what quadrants manifest abdominal pain for appendicitis?
epigastric peri-umbilical right lower quadrant
59
what does high fever indicate for adults with appendicitis?
perforation
60
where does pain shift for appendicitis?
right lower quadrant over the site at Mcburney point
61
what is the WBC count for appendicitis?
> 20,000
62
clients with appendicitis may present symptoms in what specific areas?
right thigh groin (testicular) pelvic referred pain in the hip

internal med unit 3 (11 decks)

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