Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Human Physiology > The Gastronintestinal System (GIT) Etc Lectures 8.1-11.1 > Flashcards

The Gastronintestinal System (GIT) Etc Lectures 8.1-11.1 Flashcards

(93 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the two parts of the gastrointestinal tract? `

A

Gastrointestinal Tract- a continious tube from mouth to anus consisting of:
*mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and the anus

Accessory digestive organs:
*salivary glands, exocrine pancreas and biliary system (liver and gallbladder)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the primary function of a GIT tract?

A

Transfer nutrients, water + electrolytes from ingested food into the body’s internal environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the six digestive processes?

A

-ingestion
-propulsion
-mechanical digestion
-chemical digestion
-absorption
-defecation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 4 major tissue layers?

A

-mucosa
-submucosa
-muscularis externa
-serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of the mucosa?

A

-inner epithelial layer
*protects and transports substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of the submucosa?

A

-connective tissue
*supports and contains nerve plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of the muscularis externa?

A

-contraction
*inner circular smooth muscle
*outer longitudinal muscle layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of the serosa?

A

-connective tissue
*protects the tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Swallowing/ deglutition

A

-transportation of food from mouth —> stomach
-involves voluntary and involuntary control
-divided into oral, pharyngeal + oesophageal phases
-controlled in the brainstem (unconscious part of the brain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does swallowing involve that moves food along the GIT?

A

A series of wave-like contractions (peristalsis)
-begins in the oesophagus when a bonus of food is swallowed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the functional anatomy of the stomach divided into?

A

-divided into 3 sections;
*fundus, body and antrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the rugae of mucosa?
Rugae = folds in stomach lining

A

-allows the stomach to expand and stretch to accommodate food- receptive relaxation
*empty volume= 50mL
*full volume= 1000-4000mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the stomach?

A

-stores food until it can be emptied into the small intestine
-secretes HCl + enzymes that begin protein digestion
-mixing movements -> converts pulverised food to chyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the pyloric sphincter (valve) serve as?

A

-serves as a barrier between the stomach and small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

HCl secretion in a parietal cell;
Explain the cephalic (head) phase:

A

-secretion of HCl + pepsin before food reaches the stomach
-gastrin is released from G-cells in pyloric gland area + increases HCl and pepsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

HCl secretion in a parietal cell;
Explain the gastric phase:

A

-begins when food reaches the stomach
-presence of protein increases HCl and pepsin secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

HCl secretion in a parietal cell;
Explain the intestinal phase:

A

-inhibitory phase: inhibits gastric juices as chyme begins to empty into the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of the gastric mucosal barrier?

A

-enables the stomach to contain acid without injuring itself
*luminal membranes; impermeable to H+ so HCl cannot penetrate cells
*cells are joined by tight junctions= preventing penetration of HCl
*muscles coating over the gastric mucosa= offers further protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Gastric emptying- peristaltic waves in the stomach

A

-contractile rhythm
-set by pacemaker cells
Occurs every 3 mins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is gastric emptying time?

A

The time to empty the stomach after a meal can take 4-6 hours
*Increases fluidity - time decreases
*Increases fat content- increases time it takes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do fats in the duodenum allow?

A

secret CCK (cholecystokinin) that in turn stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release stored bile that helps to break down fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does stomach acid in the duodenum stimulate?

A

stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate ions to neutralise the acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The small intestine;
What is its function?

A

absorption by increasing surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Structures of the small intestine:

A

-circular folds
-villi= ‘finger like’ projections
-microvilli= projections of plasma membrane
-finger-like shape
-crypt: different types of cells; intestinal stem = constantly regenerate the epithelial layer
-epithelial layer is always regenerated= new layer is always been formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is hydrolysis?
Hydrolysis is a reaction involving the breaking of a bond in a molecule using water
26
How does glucose exit the intestinal cell?
passively by a glucose transport protein
27
What are dietary lipids?
-triglycerides (90%) = composed of 3 fatty acids; joined to a glycerol back bone -cholesterol -phospholipids -fat soluble vitamins
28
What is the key role of bile salts; bio surfactants?
-Prepare the surface of fat globules -act as detergents -amphillic
29
Triglyceride (TG) hydrolysis:
-hydrolysed to monoglycerides (MGs) + free fatty acids (FAs) by pancreatic lipase -rate of hydrolysis is strongly dependant on surface area of the lipid-water interface
30
What does monoglycerides and free fatty acids associate with?
Bile salts and phospholipids to form micelles
31
Transcellular lipid movement; Where are intracellular fatty acids and MGs transported to?
transported to ER for synthesis into TGs
32
Once intracellular FAs and MGs are transported what are they packaged into and where are they transported?
Packaged into chylomicrons and transported to basal membrane in exocytotic membranes = extruded
33
Motility in the small intestine; What is segmention initiated by?
Initiated by pacemaker cells in the small intestine= produces basic electrical rhythm (BER)
34
What are the functions of the circular smooth muscle?
-Mixing chyme with digestive juices secreted into small intestine lumen -Exposing all chyme to absorptive surfaces of small intestine mucosa
35
Motility in the small intestine; What does migrating motility complex do?
Sweeps intestines clean between meals
36
What are the features of the large intestine?
-drying and storage organ -contents consist of indigestible food, residues, unabsorbed biliary components and water
37
What is the function of the colon?
Extracts more water and salt from contents and the feces remains to be eliminated
38
What is the function of the taenia coil?
Longitudinal smooth muscle bands in the colon wall Facilitates efficient contraction of the circular muscle
39
What is the function of the haustra?
Ponches or sacs + actively changes location as a result of contraction of circular smooth muscle layer
40
What are haustral contractions initiated by?
Initiated by autonomous rhythmicity of colonic smooth muscle cells
41
Defection reflex; What is mass movements?
Massive contractions move colonic contents into distal part of the large intestine
42
What is the defecation reflex?
Initiated when stretch receptors in rectal wall are stimulated by distension Causes internal anal sphincter= relax and return + sigmoid colon to contract more vigorously
43
When does defecation reflex occur?
If the external anal sphincter is relaxed
44
What is the smallest function unit of skeletal muscle?
Sarcomere
45
What is the arrangement of the thick and thin filaments and what appearance does it give?
Arrangement of actin and myosin gives skeletal muscle its microscopic striated appearance and creates functional units = sarcomeres
46
How are sarcomeres viewed under electron microscopy?
Sarcomeres are arranged longitudinally and include the: M line, Z line, H band, A band and I band
47
What is the M line?
Central-most line of the sarcomeres where myosin filaments are anchored together through binding sites within the myosin filament
48
What is the H band?
The H band contains the M line and is the central region of the sarcomere that contains only myosin filaments
49
What is the I band?
The I band covers the terminal regions of two adjacent sarcomeres and contains only actin filaments -shortens with muscle contraction
50
What is the A band?
The A band is a larger portion of the sarcomere that *contains the entirety of the myosin fibres and includes regions of actin and myosin overlap. *It does NOT shorten with contraction
51
What is the Z disc?
-start and end point of the sarcomere -coin shaped; cutting through the cell *alpha actin *anchors the actin thin filaments
52
In the sliding filament theory what is the look of actin and myosin?
Actin: thin Myosin: thick Each actin: reacting with 3 myosin’s Each myosin: reacting with 6 actin
53
Function of the Z disc in the sliding filament theory?
-Z discs coming closer together -shortening -myosin motors are pulling towards each other= contraction -shape changes = thick and thin filaments slide part each other= increases the area of overlap
54
What is the myosin cross-bridge?
-each head has 2 binding sites; one for actin and one for ATP molecule -hydrolysis of ATP is related to generation of force e.g. myosin head undergoes ‘shape’ change
55
What are the two shapes/ conformations of the myosin cross bridge?
*in the low energy; conformation the cross bridge (head) is tilted BACKWARDS *in the high energy; conformation the cross bridge (head) is tilted UPWARDS When the cross bridge ‘shape’ changes, thin filament is approx 10nm = power stroke of muscle contraction
56
Myosin
-each myosin head cycles approx 5x per second -100-110 angstroms per cycle -when hundreds of heads are interacting with the same actin filament= myosin MAY MOVE at 80,000 angstroms per second relative to actin
57
Titin
-34,350 amino acids -largest human protein -a molecular spring and scaffold protein= aiding myofibrillar assembly
58
Cross bridge cycle
Page 18 lecture 10.1
59
What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
-a system of membranous tubules surrounding each myofibril -function= release and secrete Ca2+
60
What is the function of T tubules?
-invaginations of the sarcolemma that run between the terminal cisternae of the SR Function= allow the electrical stimulus to be delivered quickly to deep cell regions
61
Excitation contraction coupling; How long does it take?
Active transport of calcium back into the SR TAKES TIME ^although the AP is very brief, the contraction phase of the muscle fibre lasts MUCH LONGER
62
Excitation contraction coupling; What does the release of Ca2+ from SR provide?
Provides link between muscle excitation and contraction
63
Summary;
skeletal muscle is voluntary and must be stimulated by a motor neuron to contract -skeletal muscle fibres are; *long, *striated and *multinucleate -myofibrils are the contractile elements and consist of the regular arrangement of actin and myosin = how the skeletal muscle gets its striated appearance -SR is a system of membranous tubules and functions to release and sequester calcium ions -sliding filament model describes how the cross bridge (myosin head) activity of the thick filaments pulls the thin filaments towards the sacromere centre -regulation of skeletal muscle contraction involves generating and transmitting an AP along the sarcolemma an excitation contraction coupling
64
Skeletal muscle; Muscle contraction What does a motor unit consist of?
Consists of a motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates
65
Skeletal muscle; Muscle contraction How do motor units vary in the number of muscle fibres?
-finger muscles; 10-100 muscle fibres=allowing fine adjustments of movement -leg muscles; up to 1000 muscles= allowing larger adjustments in force
66
Skeletal muscle; Muscle contraction What is a skeletal muscle fibre innervated by?
By a branch of a motor axon -the AP arrives at the synapse (NMJ) and an AP is then generated in the muscle fibre membrane which causes contraction of the muscle fibre
67
Skeletal muscle; Muscle contraction What 3 phases does a muscle twitch have?
Latent period Period of contraction Period of relaxation
68
Explain the latent period:
-1-3 ms following stimulation when E-C coupling is occurring -cross bridges are being formed but tension is not yet detectable
69
Explain the period of contraction;
-cross bridges are active up to the peak of tension development -myogram trace rises to a peak -lasts 10-100 ms
70
Explain the period of relaxation:
-initiated by re-entry of Ca2+ into SR -muscle tension decreases to zero -if muscle has shortened during contraction= returns to its original length -lasts 10-100ms
71
What are graded muscle responses?
-Healthy muscle contractions are relatively smooth and vary in strength as different demands are placed on them -variations are necessary for proper control of skeletal muscle= referred to as graded muscle responses
72
What does the size of muscle contraction depend on?
Number of motor units activated= achieved by changing the strength of the stimulus Frequency of stimulation= increasing frequency of stimulation allows the contractions to be added together
73
What are the effects of stimulus intensity?
-sub threshold stimulus= no discernible contraction -above threshold= increases stimulus strength= increases contractile strength -illustrates an increase in motor unit recrutionent?
74
What is the size principle regarding motor units?
-small motor units= recruited first as they are controlled by smallest most excitable motor neurons -recruitment of large motor neurons = increases the contractile force -largest motor units= 50x more contractile force than smaller ones ^controlled by the largest least excitable neuron and are activated only when powerful contraction is necessary
75
What is the effect of frequency of stimulation?
Muscle force sums to higher levels when APs stimulate the muscle at higher rates —> reaching a tetanus
76
What is tetanic contraction?
It is the result of repeated stimuli at such short intervals that the muscle fibre doesn’t have time to fully relax before it is needed to contract again
77
Why is size principle important?
-It increases the force of weak contraction to occur in small steps -muscle force can be progressively greater when large amounts of force are required -motor units are commonly activated asynchronously *at a given instant some are in tetanus = prolongs a strong contraction by preventing/delaying fatigue
78
What is isotonic?
Same tension, change in length
79
What is concentric?
Muscle shortens as it does work
80
What is eccentric?
Muscle lengthens while contracting *50% more forceful than concentric contractions *causes delayed onset muscle soreness *all jumping and throwing activities involved both types of contraction
81
What is isometric?
Same length, increasing tension
82
Explain the interactions of skeletal muscles:
As muscles shorten, the insertion (attachment on the moveable bone) moves towards the origin (its fixed immovable point of attachment Whatever one muscle group ‘does’ there is another group that ‘undoes’ that action
83
What is the classification of muscles?
4 groups: 1. Agonists= prime movers 2. Antagonists= e.g. triceps in elbow flexion -when man agonist is active, the antagonist is relaxed/stretched -can regulate degree of movement by contracting eccentrically -pairs are always located on the opposite side of joints 3. Synergists= assist the agonist= add extra force 4. Fixators= reduces the undesirable movements when the synergist immobilises a bone or joint, they are fixators
84
What are fast twitch and slow twitch glycolytic fibres?
*fast-twitch glycolytic fibres are LIGHT YELLOW -fewer mitochondria -rely on glycolysis *slow-twitch oxidative fibres are DARK RED -rich in myoglobin -rich blood supply= lots of mitochondria
85
Metabolic characteristics
Page 20- lecture 11.1
86
What are the differences between slow oxidative fibres and fast glycolytic fibres?
Slow oxidative fibres; -depends on oxygen delivery -thin cell- allows more rapid diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from the blood -fewer myofibrils- less powerful -many mitochondria -rich in myoglobin -rich in capillary supply Fast glycolytic fibres; -depend on glycogen reserves rather than glucose delivered through the blood -reduced demand for oxygen -few mitochondria -low capillary density -larger cell- more
87
Differences between all 3 types?
Type I= slow oxidative Type IIA= fast oxidative Type IIB= fast glycolytic Men vs Women; Men- average= faster than women when it comes to sprinting and marathoning -as endurance races get longer, the gap between the women’s and men’s finishing time shrinks
88
Individual differences?
-everyone’s muscles contain all 3 types -some have more of one type than others -differences are predominantly genetic -can be modified by training
89
Oestrogen in a skeletal muscle
In a skeletal muscle oestrogen increases the expression and protein content of peroxisome proliferation activator receptors -skeletal muscles of women have higher intracellular lipid content than male muscles
90
Do men or women have more slow twitch fibres with better blood supply?
-women have a higher percentage of slow twitch oxidative muscle fibres than men -estrogen receptors are expressed in type I muscle fibres -higher capillary density of muscle fibres increases substrate availability
91
Force-velocity relationship of muscle?
? Page 21- lecture 11.1
92
Summary of motor units;
-Motor unit consists of a motor neuron and the muscle fibres it innervates -muscle twitch’s have 3 phases: latent, contraction + relaxation phases -size of muscle contraction depends on: number of activated motor units -increased by: *changing the strength of the stimulus *increases the frequency of stimulation so contractions are added together= force summation
93
Agonist and agonistic muscle pairs:
-agonist and agonistic muscle pairs move joints? -page 21

Human Physiology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions