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HISTORY COLD WAR > The Global War > Flashcards

The Global War Flashcards

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1
Q

Example of brinkmanship in action 1955

A

March 1955
Dulles publicly warned that the US were considering a nuclear strike on China because of the first Taiwan Straight Crisis
BELIEVED THAT THE PRC BACKED DOWN BECAUSE OF US BRINKMANSHIP

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2
Q

date of Krushchev’s secret speech

A

25th Feb 1956

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3
Q

what/when Geneva summit

A

July 1955
US, USSR, Br, Fr
* Goal was to discuss ways to reduce cold war tensions
* Khr wanted to slow down arms
* discussed nuclear disarmament and the future of Germany
* NO AGREEMENT REACHED
* Eisenhower suggets open skies agreement but Khr rejects
* did agree on cultural exchanges

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4
Q

Polish uprising

A

June-Oct 1956
* After secret speech many Poles started to demand more political freedom and national sovreignity
* 28th June, workers on strike to protest wage cuts
* specific economic grievances soon led to an armed anti-communist uprising
* Oct 1956, Gomulka elected as leader of the Polish communist party
* Khr threatened military intervention if Gomulka refused to cooperate

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5
Q

How was the Polish uprising resolved?

A
  • Khr conceded that Gomulka could be leader if he agreed not to carry out reforms which would threaten local communist rule or the unity of the Soviet Boc
  • POLAND WOULD REMAIN A MEMBER OF THE WARSAW PACT
  • troops were NOT used, Poland agreed to remain in the Warsaw pact and Poland had support from Beijing
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6
Q

IMPACTS OF THE POLISH UPRISING

A
  • Gomulka skillfully balanced the need for Polish security with the presence of Soviet troops in Poland in order to placate Moscow. USSR would protect Poland from any revanchism in W.Europe
  • Showed that Mosow would alllow its satellites a measure of national independence if the regimes were led by trustworthy men
  • showed increasing role of China being played in international communism
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7
Q

Hungarian uprising

A

Oct-Nov 1956
* 22nd Oct, student demonstrations in Budapest listed 16 demands
* Demands included the appointment of Nagy, withdrawal of Soviet troops from Hungary, freedom of speech, free press, multi party elections
* 23rd Oct, SITUATION ESCULATED TO AN ARMED REVOLT AS THE DEMONSTRATIONS WERE FIRED ON BY THE HUNGARIAN SECRET POLICE
* 24th Oct, Nagy prime minister, immediately met with a Soviet delegation in order to convince USSR military intervention was not necessary
* 28th Oct, Khr agreed to remove troops from Hungary

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8
Q

Second part of Hungarian uprising - FORCE USED

A
  • 29th and 30th Oct, Red Army forces began to withdraw from Hungary and declared they would withdraw from Hungary as a whole
  • 31st Oct, Moscow reversed this decision.
  • USSR feared the collapse of communism in Hungary etc.
  • 1 Nov, Nagy announced that Hungary had withdrawn from the W.Pact
  • 3rd Nov, 15 divisions of the red army and 4000 tanks surrounded Hungary
  • within a few days the rising was crushed
  • new government under Kadar was installed
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9
Q

how many hungarians died and went into exile, hungarian uprising

A

Oct-Nov 1956
4000 killed
200,000 self-imposed exile

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10
Q

when did the space race start

A

July 1955
with Eisenhower’s announcement to launch a satellite by 1958

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11
Q

When was the offical start to the Vietnam war

A

Nov 1955

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12
Q

what/when secret speech

A

feb 1956
APPEARED TO BE A HUGE SHIFT IN USSR FOREIGN POLIC

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13
Q

why did the Hungarian uprising start

A

some concessions had been given to Poland so thought it could result in similar concessions in Hungary

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14
Q

US reaction to the Hungarian uprising

A

verbally condemn them but no physical action
Eisenhower was not trying to interfere in the Soviet sphere of influence

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15
Q

impacts of Hungarian uprising

A

LIMITED IMPACTS
* lack of western intervention from the West confirmed that the post-war status quo had been accepted
* reassured soviet union that problems in eastern Europe would not result in Western intervention
* uprising only midly debated in the UN, shows this
* moves towards peaceful coexistance were compromised, Khr seemed to go back on some parts of teh secret police so made the West rethink other aspects

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16
Q

Khr secret speech

A

Feb 1956
speech to the communist party congress
represented what seemed to be a huge shift in USSR policy thinking
* condemned Stalinist brutality
* emphasised importance of peaceful coexistance
* ‘we want to be friends with and cooperate with the USA’
* ‘there are onky two ways, either peaceful coexistance or the most devastating war in history’

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17
Q

what were Khr FP aims in the secret speech

A
  • USSR must remain as the unchallenged leaders of the socialist commmunity
  • a firm grip must be kept over the eastern european satellite states
  • germany mjst be prevented fron rearming and becoming a threat
  • spending on military security HAD to be reduced
  • international tension had to be defused and not uneccesarily provoke the USA
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18
Q

Khr personality

A
  • blunt and direct - not scared to insult or mock oponents, very different to previous leaders
  • IMPULSIVE AND VOLATILE, mood could swing sharply, seemed unpredictable to both allies and enemies
  • boisterous and showy
  • wanted to appear a man of the people in comparison to Stalin’s cult of personality, link to his background and working his way up
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19
Q

Khr rhetoric

A
  • threatening language: ‘we will bury you’ 1956, later claimed this was a metaphor for ideological victory
  • humour and mockery to undermine his opponents
  • appeals to peace, frequently referenced peaceful co-existance, showing wanted to avoid nuclear war
  • more relatable in normal settings
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20
Q

what/when Austria State treaty

A

May 1955
* like Germany, Austria had been divided into occupation zones
* four powers reached an agreement over Austria in the form of this treaty
* led to the withdrawl of all occupying powers and the declararion that Austria would be a neutral state
* agreement showed a serious intent towards mutual cooperation between East and West
* removed a source of potential conflict

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21
Q

what did Western powers do following the Austrian State Treaty?

A

removed their occupation forces from West Germany

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22
Q

what was the ‘open skies’ proposal

A

suggested by Eisenhower at the Geneva conference in Sep 1955
to end desdlock over secret spying, would allow each side to inspect the other’s nuclear arsenal
KHR REJECTS, Eisenhower knew he would reject when he offered it

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23
Q

disagreement over Germany at the Geneva summit

A

Sep 1955
* Eisenhower proposed a reunified Germany and German freedom to ensure its own security, effectively meant it would become part of NATO
* Khr would only contemplate reunification of Germany if this Germany was demilitarised and neutral
* refused to discuss future of Eastern bloc states

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24
Q

Camp David summit

A

Sep 1959
KHR VISITS USA, first Soviet leader to do so
* discussed disarmament
* discussed situation in Berlin
* agreed to settle international issues with diplomacy rather than force
* CAUSED A DETERIORATION IN SINO-SOVIET RELATIONS
* no formal agreement but served to calm the German issue and lead to Paris summit and had a general feeling of success

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25
what happened in mid 1957 regarding Sino-Soviet relations
* Sino-Soviet agreement about nuclear weapons * BUT by 1959 China said that the USSR had failed to keep their side of the agreeement
26
when did the USSR test the first ICBM
Aug 1957
27
Sputnik
oct 1957 USSR launch first satellite in space seem to be winning the space race
28
Laika
Nov 1957 USSR launch Laika, the dog, into space TWO CONSECUTIVE SPACE RACE WINS FOR THE USSR, CONCERNS THE US
29
What/when Gaither report
Nov 1957 Eisenhower had commisioned this report * suggested a big missile gap between the powers * SUGGESTED USSR WERE AHEAD! * said the USSR needed to improve their defence capabilities * BUT Eisenhower didn't want to increase defence spending and he kept the budget below $40 bill
30
when was the first ICBM for the US and the first US satellite?
Jan 1958
31
when was the Berlin Ultimateum?
27th Nov 1958 Khr refers to Berlin as a 'malignant tumour' 6 month ultimateum where the West had to withdraw from Germany And Berlin to be declared a 'free city'
32
Eisenhower's reaction to the Berlin ultimateum
Dec 1958 chose to ignore and reject it USE OF MADMAN THEORY (but there was a desire to lesson teh confrontation with the USSR)
33
1959 Sino-Soviet split
Khr not given a guard or a microphone on his visit to Beijing
34
when did Castro begin his agrarian reform
May 1959 led to a considerable amount of American owned property being seized by the state
35
what/when kitchen debates
July 1959 between Nixon and Khr GREAT example of Khr rhetoric Nixon and Khr exchanged insults on the others ideology
36
when did the US place missiles on Turkey
Oct 1959
37
JFK profile
1961-3 * more flexible and interventionist, military aid combined with diplomacy, initial cold warrior but kind of changes * sought to counter communist influence in the developing world, promoting economic development * support anti-communist forces through covert CIA operations * wanted to project US strength against the USSR - see CMC * Khr thought JFK was young and inexperienced so could be easily manipulated, JFK had to prove himself * wanted to expand the space race anf technological superiority - goal of man on the moon * AFTER CMC, aimed to pursue diplomatic engagement to reduce tensions. sought detente where possible (limitedbtest ban treaty)
38
Paris summit
May 1960 collapsed with U2 spy plane incident, Khr storms out after this
39
U2 spy plane incident
May 1960 Gary Powers shot down over Soviet territory Eisnenhower refuses to take responsibility
40
when did Castro seize $1bn of US assets on Cuba
Oct 1960
41
When was the NLF formed
Dec 1960 also known as Vietcong
42
When did Eisenhower announce severance of diplomatic links with Cuba?
Jan 1961
43
when/who was the first person in space
April 1961 Yuri Gagarin another space race win for the USSR
44
what/when bay of pigs fisaco
April 1961 Had been planned under Eisenhower and JFK inherited it Plan was to enable about 1500 anti-Castro exiles to land on Cuba amd carry out a military coup to remove him DIASATER AND HUMILIATION FOR USA
45
Vienna summit
June 1961 Little of substance achieved Khr tried to intimidate JFK: 'He savaged me'
46
what/when OPLAN
Mid 1961 OPLAN 312 focused on air strikes against Cuban missile sites and other targets OPLAN 314 and 316 were both plans for a full-scale invasion of Cuba
47
When was the B.Wall put up?
12th-13th Aug 1961 PHYSICAL EMBODIMENT OF COLD WAR DIVIDE Symbol of cold war conforntation BUT, was a better outcome of ultimateum than war JFK: 'rather have a wall than a war'
48
what/when Gaither report
Nov 1957 commissioned by Eisenhower to investigate US-Soviet nuclear capability first presented the idea of a missile-gap between the USA and the USSR predicted a 100 to 30 lead in ICBMs in favour of the USSR EISENHOWER CHOSE TO PUT CONFIDENCE IN U2 SPY PLANE INTELLIGENCE RATHER THAN THE GAITHER REPORT WHICH SUGGESTED A SLOWER RATE OF PRODUCTION FROM THE USSR
49
US space race disaster Dec 1957
'Flopnik' US Navy's vanguard rokcte crashed
50
Factors which influenced Khr's decision when it comes to Berlin ultimateum 1958
* Sovoiet space programme seemed to dominate the US * West Germany was now a member of NATO, could result in them being equipped with nuclear weapons * UUSR's hold on E.Europe was fragile, as seen in 1956 Hungary * BRAIN DRAIN!!!!!!!! No restrictions of East German citizens leaving the country and fleeing
51
Khr priorities
* strengthen economy * strengthen defences of the USSR * Berlin became focal point for the fufillment of these objectives
52
Camp David summit
Sep 1959 INCONCLUSIVE Uneasy status quo continued
53
How many people had fled E.Germany in 1953 and 1956
1953 - 300,000 people 1956 - 150,000 people
54
When did Diem refuse to hold elections on reunification?
Aug 1955
55
N.Vietnam under HCM
land reform - seized privately owned land and redistributed it among the rural farming population thousands executed and many imprisoned, about 6000 people killed FORCED TO ISSUE A PUBLIC APOLOGY FOR THE AGGRESSIVE AND CLUMSY IMPLEMETATION OF THIS REFORM
56
When was the NLF created?
Dec 1960 purpose was to free S.V from US imperialism aimed to create a unified, sovereign and independent Vietnamese state Driven by nationalism Complex support network of the HCM trail
57
Diem in S.Vietnam
* corrupt and nepotistic * diverse and damaging policies * Large amounts of US economic aid, meant for agricultural improvements, were given to Diem's officials and family * ANTI-BUDDHIST!!!
58
Dulles on US support of Diem
they supported him because 'we knew of no one better'
59
JFK in Vietnam
* Revealed his view of Vietnam's importance to the USA as early as 1956 * committed to containment and domino theory - echoed in Vietnam * FP FOCUSED ON STRATEGY OF FLEXIBLE RESPONSE * backed counterinsurgency measures delivered by conventional ground forces
60
what/when Checkpoint Charlie stand off
Oct 1961 NUCLEAR FLASHPOINT US and USSR tanks face off at each other at Checkpoint Charlie
61
what/when operation mongoose
authorised 30th Nov 1961 aimed to destabilize and overthrow Castro and his regime through the use of covert operations, including through sabotage, assassinations, and guerrilla warfare CONSIDERED A FAILURE
62
Operation ranch hand, what/when
Jan 1962 Dropping of herbicides on the SV countryside Agent orange and Agent Blue, 100 mill pounds dropped over next 8 years
63
what/when strategic hamlet programmes
March 1962 moving of Vietnamese peasants into armed stockades, over 3000 hamlets by end of 1962. LARGELY A FAILURE, often led to improved recruitment of the peasants into the Vietcong
64
The Buddhist crisis
1963 Diem was a Catholic and favoured Catholicism PERSECUTED THE BUDDHIST COMMUNITY, majority og Vietnam's population was Buddhist came to a head March 1963 - Buddhists were banned from flying their flags in honour of the Buddha's birthday, protests across vietnam - self immolation
65
assassination of Diem
* Sep 1963, McNamara visits Vietnam and concludes taht Diem was not willing to curtail the repression of his people * McNamara recommended decreased US support to force Diem to cooperate * This solidified the generals in SV to plan a coup against Diem * 1 Nov 1963, coup against Diem begins * 2 Nov 1963, Diem assasinated!
66
when did the Us backed Batista regime collapse and who became leaderof Cuba
1 Jan 1959 Castro
67
When did the Soviet First Deputy Premier visit Cuba
Feb 1960 Increases tensions Arranged $100mill in credits with Castro Tied Cuba into an economic and political relationship with the USSR
68
when did Khr decide to deploy missiles to Cuba
1962
69
when did Excomm assemble CMC
16th Oct 1962 Kennedy opts for a naval blockade to buy himself time
70
22nd Oct CMC
USA blockade offensive weapons shipments to Cuba, USA goes to defcon 3
71
when was the naval blockade emplaced
23rd Oct 1962
72
When did the Soviet ships turn around at the blockade
24th Oct 1962
73
letter from Khr to JFK, 26th Oct
if JFk doesn't invade Cuba, USSR would remove missiles
74
28th Oct, agreement on CMC
JFK agrees to secretly remove Turkish missiles and promise not to invade Cuba in return for removal of USSR's missiles
75
PRC reaction to CMC
Oct 1962 PRC denounce USSR for not standing up to USA
76
Battle of Ap Bac
Jan 1963 NLF victory, propoganda vuctory as South were backed by US
77
When was the hotline set up
June 1963 SYMBOLIC
78
Moscow test Ban Treaty
Aug 1963 bans testing in space, atmosphere and under water first treaty of its kind but did nothing to actually reduce arms developments
79
when was JFK assasinated
Nov 1963 Johnson as president - decided to 'stay the course' of JFK out of respect and desire to win election in his own right - DETERMINES HIS STRATEGY IN VIETNAM
80
What/when JFK's Berlin speech
June 1963 'ich bin ein berliner' actually means I am a doughnut

HISTORY COLD WAR (5 decks)

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