The Heart

Question 1

describe the function of the heart

Answer 1

helps maintain homeostasis of blood pressure

Question 2

trace the flow of blood through the heart and pulmonary circuit

Answer 2

deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs by the right side of the heart; gas exchange occurs between ait in the alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries; oxygenated blood is returned to the left side of the heart

Question 3

describe the structure of the heart

Answer 3

chambers = left & right atrium and left & right ventricles
great vessels = veins (vena cava and pulmonary veins) and arteries (aorta and pulmonary trunk)
valves = tricuspid, bicuspid, pulmonary, and aortic

Question 4

describe the structure and function of the coronary arteries and cardiac veins

Answer 4

coronary arteries = right & left coronary arteries and ascending aorta
cardiac veins = great, small, and middle cardiac veins

Question 5

receive blood from veins?

Answer 5

atria

Question 6

pump blood into ventricles?

Answer 6

atria

Question 7

pump blood into ventricles through…

Answer 7

valves

Question 8

close when ventricles contract to keep blood from moving backward

Answer 8

flaps on valves

Question 9

eject blood into arteries?

Answer 9

ventricles

Question 10

bring blood to and away from heart

Answer 10

great vessels

Question 11

drains deoxygenated blood from veins superior to diaphragm

Answer 11

superior vena cava

Question 12

drains deoxygenated blood from veins inferior to diaphragm

Answer 12

inferior vena cava

Question 13

receives deoxygenated blood pumped from right ventricle

Answer 13

pulmonary trunk

Question 14

bring deoxygenated blood to right and left lungs

Answer 14

pulmonary arteries

Question 15

supplies entire systemic circuit with oxygenated blood

Answer 15

aorta

Question 16

returns oxygenated blood in pulmonary capillaries to heart

Answer 16

pulmonary veins

Question 17

pulmonary circuit =

Answer 17

deoxygenated blood

Question 18

systemic circuit =

Answer 18

oxygenated blood

Question 19

two valves that prevent blood backflow into atria

Answer 19

tricuspid and bicuspid valves

Question 20

two valves that prevent blood backflow into ventricles

Answer 20

pulmonary and aortic valves

Question 21

the big picture

Answer 21

blood in systemic capillaries delivers oxygen to body cells; systemic veins return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium; blood passes from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle; the right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary trunk; the pulmonary trunk delivers blood to the pulmonary capillaries of the left and right lungs; the aorta delivers blood to the systemic capillaries; the left ventricle pumps blood through the aortic valve to the aorta; blood passes from the left atrium through the mitral valve to the left ventricle; the blood becomes oxygenated in the pulmonary capillaries and the pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to the left atrium

Question 22

how you get blood flow to the tissues of the heart

Answer 22

coronary circulation

Question 23

systems of channels formed between blood vessels; bypass; used for blockage of a coronary artery so we put a blood vessel around it so blood can still get down to the heart tissue

Answer 23

anastomoses

Question 24

pathway of coronary circulation

Answer 24

the coronary arteries come off from the ascending aorta, so as the heart contracts, blood is pushed out through the aorta and its oxygenated; the oxygenated blood then goes to the coronary arteries that takes the blood to the myocardium of the heart; the coronary veins drain blood into the coronary sinus which is what is going to connect to the vena cava and drain the blood from the three great veins into the right atrium

Question 25

comes off the aorta and takes blood to the heart muscle

Answer 25

coronary arteries

Question 26

cardiac electrical activity is coordinated by very small, unique population of cardiac muscle cells that start their own action potential

Answer 26

pacemaker cells

Question 27

these cells rhythmically and spontaneously generate action potentials and spread to other types of cardiac muscle cells that are propagated from pacemaker cells

Answer 27

contractile cells

Question 28

cardiac conduction system

Answer 28

the SA node generates an action potential, which spreads to atrial cells and the AV node; after the AV node delay, the action potential is conducted to the AV bundle and then to the right and left bundle branches; the action potential spreads from the bundle branches along the Purkinje fibers to the contractile cells of the ventricles

Question 29

represents atria depolarization

Answer 29

P wave

Question 30

represents ventricular depolarization

Answer 30

QRS complex

Question 31

represents ventricular repolarization

Answer 31

T wave

Question 32

heart sounds

Answer 32

under normal conditions, blood flow through open AV and semilunar valves is relatively quiet; sounds ONLY occur when valves CLOSE; sounds are likely a result from VIBRATIONS of ventricular and blood vessel walls

Question 33

S1 =

Answer 33

"lub" when AV valves CLOSE

Question 34

S2 =

Answer 34

"dub" when SEMILUNAR valves CLOSE

Question 35

occurs when blood flow through heart is turbulent and caused by defective valves

Answer 35

heart murmur

Question 36

average heart rate

Answer 36

60-80 beats per minute

Question 37

amount of blood pumped into pulmonary and systemic circuits in 1 minute

Answer 37

cardiac output

Question 38

resting stroke volume =

Answer 38

70ml

Question 39

normal adult blood volume =

Answer 39

5 liters

Question 40

factors that influence stroke volume

Answer 40

preload, heart contractility, and afterload

Question 41

refers to length or degree of stretch of sarcomeres in ventricular cells before they contract

Answer 41

preload

Question 42

heart's intrinsic pumping ability

Answer 42

contractility

Question 43

refers to force that right and left ventricles must overcome in order to eject blood into their respective arteries

Answer 43

afterload

Question 44

how changes in preload, contractility, and afterload affect stroke volume

Answer 44

high preload leads to high EDV = increased contractility = low afterload = high stroke volume and low ESV low preload leads to low EDV = weakened contractility = high afterload = low stroke volume and high ESV

Question 45

factors that influence heart rate

Answer 45

chronotropic agents

Question 46

anything that increases rate at which SA node fires; includes sympathetic nervous system, hormones, and elevated body temp

Answer 46

positive chronotropic agents

Question 47

anything that decreases rate at which SA node fires; includes parasympathetic nervous system and decreased body temp

Answer 47

negative chronotropic agents