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A&P Unit 1 > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Heart

A

pump, which is made of two pumps into one, pushes blood through two distinct circuits

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2
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

blood is pushed from the heart to the lungs, and then back to the heart

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3
Q

Systemic circuit

A

blood is pushed from the heart out to the various body systems and tissues, and then back to the heart

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4
Q

How much blood does the human heart pump?

A

7200 liters of blood a day/1800 gallons

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5
Q

Heart location

A

thoracic cavity, in the pericardial cavity, covered by a membrane known as the pericardium

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6
Q

Base (top)

A

the part in which the great vessels arise

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7
Q

Apex (bottom)

A

the pointed tip to the inferior end of the heart

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8
Q

Cardiac muscle fibers

A

branching, intercalated discs, striations, one nucleus per cell; auto-rhythmic - capable of contracting on their own

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9
Q

Structures of the heart

A

four chambers, great vessels, four valves

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10
Q

Heart chambers

A

right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle

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11
Q

Ventricles

A

located towards the apex (bottom) part of the heart, thick walled, left ventricle has the thickest chamber wall

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12
Q

Great Vessels

A

aorta, pulmonary trunk, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary vein

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13
Q

Artery

A

A vessel that carries blood away from the heart

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14
Q

Vein

A

A vessel that carries blood towards the heart

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15
Q

Aorta

A

carries blood away from the left ventricle, goes to various body and organ tissues

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16
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

carries blood away from the right ventricle, going to the lungs

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17
Q

Superior vena cava

A

carries blood toward the right atrium, coming back from the upper body

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18
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

carries blood toward the right atrium, coming back from the lower body

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19
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

carry blood toward the left atrium, coming from the lungs, come from both right and left sides

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20
Q

The four valves

A

designed to prevent backflow of blood

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21
Q

Tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve)

A

located between the right atrium and the right ventricle, prevents backflow into the right atrium, three large cusps

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22
Q

Bicupsid valve (left atrioventricular valve)

A

located between the left atrium and left ventricle, prevents backflow into the left atrium, two large cusps

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23
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve

A

located at the base of the pulmonary trunk, it prevents backflow into the right ventricle

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24
Q

Aortic semilunar valve

A

located at the base of the aorta, prevents backflow into the left ventricle

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25
Route of blood flow through the heart
deoxygenated blood from the tissues begins to return toward the heart in larger veins, reaches the superior vena cava or inferior vena cava, enters the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve, enters the right ventricle, through the pulmonary semilunar valve, through the pulmonary trunk, through pulmonary arteries to the right and left lung, is oxygenated, through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium, through the bicuspid valve and enters the left ventricle, through the aortic semilunar valve into the aortic arch, to aorta, to smaller arteries, and back to the tissues
26
The heart cycle
each beat felt is one heart cycle; both atria must contract at the same time followed by the ventricles both contracting; one heart cycle = atria contract, ventricles contract, rest
27
Conduction system of the heart
cardiac muscle cells that coordinate the entire heart cycle
28
Sinoatrial node
the heart's pacemaker
29
Cardiac output
volume of blood pumped per minute; stroke volume x heart rate
30
Stroke volume
the volume of blood pumped per beat
31
Heart rate
the number of beats per minute
32
Intrinsic regulation
a mechanism that is contained within the heart itself
33
Extrinsic regulation
this regulatory mechanism is dependent on input from outside the heart, input from the nervous and endocrine systems
34
Nervous system
two sets of nerve fibers that innervate the SA node
35
Sympathetic
these nerve endings release a neurotransmitter that stimulates the SA node to reach threshold more easily, resulting in more frequent firing, which increases the heart rate
36
Parasympathetic
these nerve endings release a neurotransmitter that stimulates the SA node to reach threshold less easily, resulting in less frequent firing, which decreases the heart rate
37
Endocrine System
many hormones affect the heart rate. epinephrine has a powerful stimulatory action on the SA node, causing the heart rate to increase dramatically.
38
Tunica intima
the most important feature of this layer is the innermost lining of the blood vessel; has an endothelium along the inner wall; endothelium is simple squamous epithelium
39
Arteries
carry blood away from the heart; have thicker walls than veins; have more smooth muscle in their walls; stronger and more elastic; operate under higher pressure; small lumen and diameter than veins
40
Elastic arteries
the largest of the arteries; have very elastic walls and are especially good at expanding and recoiling when surges of blood hit them; example is aorta
41
Muscular arteries
medium-sized arteries; very thick tunica media; especially good at regulating blood flow, which changes the size of the lumen that blood flows through; example is radial artery
42
Veins
carry blood toward the heart; simple valves scattered throughout their length
43
Muscular action
when skeletal muscles contract, they squeeze against the veins, forcing blood to move; valves prevent backflow and the blood will move in the correct direction
44
Capillaries
very thin-walled; two different categories: continuous and fenestrated
45
Continuous capillaries
cells that form the walls are very tightly joined together; substances must diffuse or be transported through the cell membrane; they are less permeable than fenestrated capillaries; they are the most common type found in the body
46
Fenestrated capillaries
the cells have pores between them; substances can move more freely throughout the pores, larger substances will be able to move through the capillary wall; they are more permeable than continuous capillaries; they are less common, usually found in specialized situations
47
Aging of the arteries
deposits being to form on the walls of the arteries; walls become less elastic, thicker, and tougher; the flow of blood becomes more restricted; blood pressure must be higher to over the increased resistance, creating hypertension; the work load of the heart is greater, which is detrimental
48
Arteriosclerosis
hardening of the arteries
49
Atherosclerosis
the accumulation of plaque deposits
50
Vessel wall friction
the number one source of resistance
51
Blood viscosity
how thick the blood is
52
Local control
this mechanism will regulate how much blood flows to one small, local, specific capillary bed; automatic mechanism, no outside neural or hormonal control
53
Regional control
involves adjusting the amount of blood flow to a particular organ of the body or an organ system; regulated by both the nervous and endocrine system
54
Neural control
autonomic; two branches that stimulate the smooth muscle cells in the vessel wall
55
Sympathetic stimulation
increases blood blow to the systems that are important for activity; examples include nervous, respiratory, and muscular systems
56
Parasympathetic stimulation
increases blood flow to the systems that use periods of physical inactivity to operate at full capacity; examples include the digestive and urinary system
57
Endocrine control
a particular hormone may stimulate some blood vessels to dilate and others to constrict; example is epinephrine
58
Sympathetic innervation
stimulates the SA node to beat faster
59
Parasympathetic stimulation
stimulates the SA node to beat slower
60
Epinephrine
stimulates the SA node to beat faster
61
Stroke
sudden decrease in blood supply to an area of the brain
62
Embolism stoke
floating blood clot; travels in arteries and gets stuck as the vessels narrow which can completely cut off blood flow to an area of the brain
63
Hemorrhagic stroke
occurs when a blood vessel ruptures; can happen from trauma or a weakening of the vessel wall (aneurysm)

A&P Unit 1 (6 decks)

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