The Heart

Question 1

The ____ is the muscular pump of the cardiovascular system. It weighs about ___% of the body weight.

Answer 1

• Heart

- 1

Question 2

What is the hearts location?

Answer 2

-In the middle mediastinum between the lungs within the thoracic cavity
-Approximately 3rd-6th ribs
Lies a little left of midline

Question 3

The base of the heart points ______, while the apex, made of the ____ ventricle, points ______.

Answer 3

• Cranioventrally
• Left
• Caudoventrally

Question 4

The heart is enclosed by the ____ or heart sac. It is situated in a closed space called the ______ _____.

Answer 4

• Pericardium

- Pericardial cavity

Question 5

The pericardium is the ____ envelope of the heart. What are its three components?

Answer 5

• Fibroserous
  1. Pericardial mediastinal pleura
  2. Fibrous pericardium
  3. Serous pericardium

Question 6

The outer layer of the pericardium, the fibrous pericardium, has two ligaments that anchor the apex of the heart. What are they?

Answer 6

• Phrenicopericardial ligament: connects fibrous pericardium to the diaphragm
• Sternopericardiac ligament: connects fibrous pericardium to the sternum

Question 7

What are the two layers of the serous pericardium, the inner layer of pericardium?

Answer 7

1. Parietal serous pericardium: adheres to fibrous pericardium
2. Visceral serous pericardium (epicardium): adheres to the heart

Question 8

There is ____ between the parietal and visceral serous pericardium which contains a small amount of pericardial ____.

Answer 8

• Space

- Fluid

Question 9

What are the four chambers of the heart?

Answer 9

Right and left atria and right and left ventricles

Question 10

From the _____ surface of the heart the right and left auricles can be seen, and from the _____ surface of the heart the right and left _____ can be seen.

Answer 10

• auricular

- atrial

Question 11

_____ ____ are superficial separation of the left and right ventricles. From the left side of the heart, the ______ ____ _____ can be seen, and from the right side the ______ _____ _____ can be seen.

Answer 11

• Interventricular grooves
• Paraconal interventricular groove
• Subsinuosal interventricular groove

Question 12

The _____ groove is superficial separation of the atria and ventricles.

Answer 12

Coronary

Question 13

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

Answer 13

1. Epicardium (visceral serous pericardium)
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium

Question 14

What is unique about the myocardium in the left ventricle?

Answer 14

It is 3-4 times thicker than the right ventricle

Question 15

The right atrium and right ventricle receive (deoxygenated/oxygenated), (venous/arterial) blood.

Answer 15

• Deoxygenated

- Venous

Question 16

The left atrium and left ventricle receive (deoxygenated/oxygenated), (venous/arterial) blood.

Answer 16

• Oxygenated

- Arterial

Question 17

What kind of blood does the right atrium receive? What are its two parts

Answer 17

• Systemic venous blood and most of the heart blood

- Atria proper and the right auricle

Question 18

There are two parts of the sinus venarum. The ___ ____ is a ridge between the cranial and caudal vena cava openings that diverts blood toward the right ventricle. The _____ ______ is a depression caudal to the intravenous tubercle. It is called the ____ ____ in the fetus.

Answer 18

• Intravenous tubercle
• Fossa ovalis
• Foramen ovale

Question 19

The ____ ____ is an opening that allows blood to pass from the right to left atrium and closes shortly after birth to become the fossa ovalis.

Answer 19

Foramen ovale

Question 20

The right auricle has two structures. What are they?

Answer 20

• Pectinate muscles

- Crista terminalis

Question 21

The ____ ____ is at the entrance of the auricle where the pectinate muscles radiate. It is the location of the ____ _____, the pacemaker of the heart.

Answer 21

• Crista terminalis

- Sinoatrial node

Question 22

What are the five sources from which the heart receives blood? Which can be seen inside the right atrium?

Answer 22

1. Caudal vena cava
2. Cranial vena cava
3. Azygos vein
4. Coronary sinus (right atrium)
5. Small cardiac veins (right atrium)

Question 23

The right ventricle receives blood from the ____ ____ and ejects blood out the ____ ____. From this structure, blood travels via left and right _____ ____ to the ____.

Answer 23

• Right atrium
• Pulmonary trunk
• pulmonary arteries
• lungs

Question 24

How many papillary muscles are found in the right ventricle? Attached to papillary muscles are the ____ ____, which attach the _____ ____ to the papillary muscles.

Answer 24

• 3
• Cordae tendineae
• atrioventricular valve

Question 25

The ____ ___ is the muscle of the ventricular wall. The _____ ____ is the strand of muscle that connects the septal and parietal walls located in both ventricles. It is also called the _____ ____. What does it do?

Answer 25

- Trabeculae carnae - trabecula septomarginalis - Moderator band - Allows nerve bundles to pass to the parietal wall for simultaneous contraction of the heart walls

Question 26

Where is the valve of the foramen ovale found? What is this structure?

Answer 26

- Left atrium - It is a fold of tissue in the cranial part of the septal wall that is the remnant of fetal blood flow from the right to left atrium

Question 27

The left atrium receives blood from the ____ via what veins?

Answer 27

- Lungs | - 5-6 pulmonary veins

Question 28

The left ventricle receives blood from the ____ ____, ejects blood out the ____ to the ____.

Answer 28

- Left atrium - aorta - body

Question 29

True or False: The left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle

Answer 29

True

Question 30

The fibrous base of the heart has a ____ ____.

Answer 30

Cardiac skeleton

Question 31

What are the four valves of the heart? What are the two broad categories?

Answer 31

1. Two atrioventricular valves: left and right | 2. Two semilunar valves: aortic and pulmonary

Question 32

What are the two cusps of the left and right atrioventricular valves?

Answer 32

Septal cusp and parietal cusp

Question 33

True or False: The atrioventricular valves are tricuspid valves.

Answer 33

False, both are bicuspid

Question 34

Each of the semilunar valves have ____ cusp(s) and each cusp has a ____ at its free edge.

Answer 34

- 3 | - nodule

Question 35

What are the three cusps of each the aortic valve and pulmonary valve?

Answer 35

- Aortic: left semilunar cusp, right semilunar cusp, septal (dorsal) semilunar cusp - Pulmonary: left semilunar cusp, right semilunar cusp, intermediate (ventral) cusp

Question 36

The ____ ____is the optimal point for auscultation of the heart valves. What are the points of listening within this area?

Answer 36

- Puncta Maxima - Left Side: P.A.M.: pulmonary valve (low 3rd intercostal space), Aortic valve (High 4th intercostal space), Mitral valve (left AV)(low 5th intercostal space) - Right Side: Right AV valve (low 3rd or 4th intercostal space)

Question 37

During auscultation of the heart, what is happening when the Lub and dub sounds are heard?

Answer 37

Lub: closure of the right and left AV valves Dub: closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves

Question 38

What are the three structures of the heart conducting system? Where is each found?

Answer 38

1. Sinoatrial node: crista terminalis of the right auricle 2. Atrioventricular node: craniodorsal to the septal cusp of the right AV valve 3. Atrioventricular bundles: At the interventricular wall. They pass through the septomarginalis to the parietal wall

Question 39

The atrioventricular bundles are largely composed of _____ _____.

Answer 39

Purkinje fibers