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Y2S1 CARDIO. > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

right heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs at a low pressure of 12-16 mmHg

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2
Q

systematic circulation

A

left heart pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body at a high pressure of 70-120 mmHg

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3
Q

what makes up the sternocostal surface

A
  • Right ventricle
  • right atrium ( a little)
  • left ventricle (a tiny bit)
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4
Q

diaphragmatic surface

A
  • Left ventricle
  • a little right ventricle

Separated from the base of heart by the coronary sinus

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5
Q

Apex of the heart

A

✓ Left 5th intercostal space and 8-10 cm left of midline

✓ More superior and lateral in children

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6
Q

Base of the heart

A

✓ Composed primarily of left atrium and pulmonary veins, small portion of right atrium.

✓ Fixed posteriorly to the pericardium, at the level of T6(5)-T9(8) vertebrae

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7
Q

Right margin:

A

– Right atrium

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8
Q

Left margin:

A

– Left ventricle and left auricle

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9
Q

Inferior margin

A

– Right ventricle + left ventricle

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10
Q

✓ Coronary sulcus

A

− Separates atria from ventricles
− Right coronary artery
− Left circumflex artery
− Coronary sinus

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11
Q

✓ Anterior interventricular sulcus

A

– Anterior interventricular artery
– Great cardiac vein [Anterior interventricular vein]
– Right of the apex

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12
Q

✓ Posterior interventricular sulcus

A

– Posterior interventricular artery

– Middle cardiac vein [Posterior interventricular vein]

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13
Q

SEPTA & CHAMBERS

A 
✓ Interatrial (IA) septum
✓ Interventricular (IV) septum
✓ Atrioventricular (AV) septum
✓ Right (RA) and left (LA) atria
✓ Right (RV) and left
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14
Q

RIGHT ATRIUM (RA)

A

✓ Temporary reservoir for deoxygenated blood
✓ Receives blood from Superior v. cava (SVC), inferior v. cava (IVC), coronary sinus and smallest cardiac veins
✓ Internally, crista terminalis is a muscular ridge that separates right atrium from right auricle
✓ Sulcus terminalis externally

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15
Q

✓ Fossa ovalis

A

− On the right side of IA septum
− Site of foramen ovale in foetus
− Margin is limbus fossae ovalis

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16
Q

✓ Opening of SVC

A

− Deep to the joint between right
3rd costal cartilage and sternum
− No valve
− Intervenous tubercle

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17
Q

✓ Opening of coronary

A

− Valve of coronary sinus

prevent regurgitation of blood

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18
Q

RIGHT AURICLE

A

Rough surface, formed by pectinate muscles

− Provide some power of contraction without significantly thickening the cardiac wall

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19
Q

RIGHT VENTRICLE (RV)

A

✓ Deoxygenated blood from the RA enters through right AV orifice into the RV
✓ Sits on central tendon of diaphragm
✓ Wall thickness 3-4 mm.

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20
Q

✓ Outflow tract right ventricle

A

Infundibulum [conus arteriosus] where the pulmonary trunk arises
− Blood flows upwards, backwards and to the left
− Surface of Infundibulum is smooth

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21
Q

Walls of RV have numerous irregular muscular ridges called

Study These Flashcards
A

Trabeculae carnea

22
Q

✓Morphologically there are 3 types of muscles on right ventricle wall

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A
  1. Trabeculacarnea
  2. Septomarginal trabecula
    − Bridge between IV septum and anterior papillary muscle
    − Only in RV
    − Carries right bundle branch of AV bundle of cardiac conduction system
23
Q

Papillary muscles

Study These Flashcards
A

− Fibrous chords called Chorda tendinea run between their apex and free edges of tricuspid valve cusps
− Contract before ventricular

24
Q

Chorda tendinea

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A

prevent evertion of cusps→regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular systole
✓Chorda tendinea from one papillary muscle attach to more than one cusp

25
TRICUSPID VALVE
✓ Closes right AV orifice ✓ Consists of 3 cusps (anterior, posterior and septal) ✓ Base of each cusp attached to right fibrous ring (anulus fibrosus) ✓ Blood flows forwards and medially through this valve
26
PULMONARY VALVE
✓ Consists of 3 semilunar cusps: anterior, right and left ✓ On their free edge, there is nodule of the semilunar cusp ✓ Each cusp forms a pulmonary sinus, which helps closure of pulmonary valves after systole
27
LEFT ATRIUM (LA)
✓ Forms most of the base of heart ✓ Four pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs − Pulmonary veins do not have valves ✓ Consists of Left auricle and left atrium ✓ Depressed area on the IA septum (falx septi) is caused by the fusion of valve of foramen ovale − Not at the same level as foramen ovale
28
LEFT VENTRICLE (LV
✓ Blood flows anteriorly, towards the apex ✓ Thickest wall: 8-12 mm ✓ LV pressure: 70-120 mmHg ✓ Apex belongs to left ventricle ✓ Muscular ridges: Trabecula carnea ✓ Anterior and posterior papillary muscles
29
MITRAL (BICUSPID) VALVE
✓ Consists of 2 cusps: anterior and posterior ✓ Bases of the cusps are attached to left fibrous ring (anulus fibrosus) ✓ Chorda tendinea extend between their free margins and papillary muscles
30
AORTIC VALVE
✓ Aortic vestibule is the outflow tract of LV ✓ Blood in the LV is ejected into the aorta ✓ Blood flows upwards, backwards and to the right side through this valve ✓ Aortic orifice is closed by aortic valve ✓ Consists of 3 semilunar cusps: Right, left, posterior
31
Between the superior surface of the cusps and aortic wall are pocket-like aortic sinuses called
sinus Valsalvae
32
AORTIC VALVE
3 semi-lunar cusps at the apex of the aortic vestibule (right and left→coronary, posterior → non-coronary sinus)
33
FIBROUS SKELETON of HEART
Provides a great amount of structural and functional support ✓ 4 fibrous rings (anulus fibrosus) around AV, aortic and pulmonary valves ✓ Between the four rings are two trigones (right and left) and the membranous portions of the IA, IV, and AV septa
34
FIBROUS SKELETON of HEART functions
Points of attachment for the cusps ✓ Maintains the patency and integrity of AV and semilunar orifices ✓ Serves as origin/insertion for atrial and ventricular muscles ✓ Insulates the atria from the ventricles − Allows independent atrial and ventricular contraction − Atrioventricular bundle of His should be the only conduction between them (arrhythmias)
35
✓ Endocardium:
Thin layer of endothelium that lines the inner surface of the walls as well as the valves. Receives oxygen and nutrients directly from the chambers of the heart
36
✓ Myocardium
− Atrialmusculature − Ventricular musculature − Muscles are arranged in spiral and circular bundles − Originate and insert on fibrous skeleton
37
✓ Epicardium
Visceral layer of the serous pericardium
38
1st corner of the heart
Right 3rd costal cartilage – 2 cm right of the midline
39
2nd corner of the heart
Right 6th costal cartilage – 2 cm right of the midline
40
3rd corner of the heart
Left 5th costal cartilage – 7-9 cm left of the midline (apex cordis)
41
4th corner of the heart
Left 2nd costal cartilage – 3 cm left of the midline
42
✓ Tricuspid valve
Behind the right half of the sternum, at the level of the 4th intercostal space
43
✓ Mitral valve:
Posterior to the articulation between left 4th costal cartilage and the sternum
44
✓ Pulmonary valve:
Posterior to the articulation between left 3rd costal cartilage and the sternum
45
✓ Aortic valve:
Posterior to the sternum, at the level of the 3rd intercostal space
46
heart sounds
✓ Closure of AV valves causes 1st heart sound ✓ Closure of semilunar valves causes 2nd heart sound ✓ Rapid filling of the ventricle causes 3rd heart sound ✓ Sitting or recumbent position, inspiration, expiration, valsalva manoeuvre, exercise can cause changes in heart sounds
47
✓ Tricuspid valve (HS1)
Best heard just to the left of the lower part of the sternum near the 5th intercostal space
48
✓ Mitral valve (HS1):
Best heard over the apex of the heart in the left 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line (apex cordis)
49
Aortic valve (HS2):
Best heard over the medial end of the right 2nd intercostal space
50
✓ Pulmonary valve (HS2)
Best heard over the medial end of the left 2nd intercostal space

Y2S1 CARDIO. (47 decks)

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