The heart

Question 1

What makes up the pulmonary circuit

Answer 1

Pulmonary artery, arterioles, capillaries, pulmonary veins

Question 2

What makes up the systemic circuit

Answer 2

Aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries , venules, systemic veins

Question 3

What happens in left sided heart failure

Answer 3

pulmonary venous failure, pulmonary venous pressure increases

Question 4

What type of blood does the right heart pump and to where

Answer 4

Blood without oxygen to the lungs

Low pressure is needed

Question 5

What type of blood does the left heart pump and to where

Answer 5

Oxygenated blood to the organs

High pressure is needed

Question 6

Which ventricle needs to generate a higher level of pressure

Answer 6

The left

Question 7

Where is the systemic circuit does gaseous exchange take place

Answer 7

Capillaries

Question 8

Why do the kidneys get around 1/5 of the total cardiac output at rest

Answer 8

Important to maintain homeostasis within the body

Question 9

What are some landmarks for the heart with regards to other body structures

Answer 9

• Ventral border of the lungs
• Laterally the lungs themselves
• Cranially :thymus
• Caudally: diaphragm

Question 10

How does the right ventricle sit when compared to the left ventricle

Answer 10

cranially

Question 11

What is the coronary groove

Answer 11

Crown around the heart that seperates the atria from the ventricles

Question 12

What are the base and the apex of the heart

Answer 12

Base= dorsal part formed by atria 
Apex= ventral part that sits on the sternum

Question 13

Where does the aorta come out of the heart

Answer 13

middle of the base

Question 14

What happens to the heart when the right side gets bigger

Answer 14

It moves cranially

Question 15

What happens to the heart when the left side gets bigger

Answer 15

Moves dorsally

Question 16

What is the pericardium

Answer 16

double-walled sac that encloses the heart

Question 17

What is the role of the pericardium

Answer 17

prevents distension

Question 18

What major vessel supplies the right atrium

Answer 18

The vena cava

Question 19

What is the intervenous tubercle

Answer 19

A small projection on posterior wall of the right atrium. Said to direct blood to the atrioventricular opening

Question 20

Which node is present at the junction of the right atrium and cranial vena cava

Answer 20

Sino-atrial node

Question 21

What is the sinoatrial node

Answer 21

Structure that initiates electrical impulses to stimulate contraction of the heart

Question 22

What is the coronary sinus

Answer 22

A collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the myocardium of the heart

Question 23

Where is the left atrium located

Answer 23

Top left above the left ventricle, under the tracheal bifurcation

Question 24

Which veins enter the left atrium

Answer 24

Pulmonary veins

Question 25

Where is the right ventricle located

Answer 25

under right atrium, wraps around. Left ventricle cranially and to the right

Question 26

Where is the pulmonary artery located

Answer 26

Comes out of right ventricle, it is cranial and left of the aorta

Question 27

Where is the left ventricle located

Answer 27

behind the right ventricle and to the left forms the lateral margin of the heart occupies all of apex

Question 28

Where is the aorta located

Answer 28

curves upward from the left ventricle to level of sternal angle arches backward to the left and then downward

Question 29

What is the right atrial valve also known as

Answer 29

Tricuspid valve (despite having 2 cusps in most species)

Question 30

What is the left atrial valve also known as

Answer 30

Mitral valve

Question 31

What are chordae tendinae

Answer 31

Filaments connecting the tips of the AV valves to the papillary muscles in the ventricles- prevents backflow of blood into the atrias

Question 32

What are the cardiac valves

Answer 32

right and left semilunar valves regulating blood flow from ventricles into pulmonary artery and aorta

Question 33

Which vessels do the right and left semilunar valves respectively regulate

Answer 33

Right- pulmonic | Left- aortic

Question 34

What is the myocardium

Answer 34

heart muscle

Question 35

What is epicardium

Answer 35

thin membrane that covers the heart

Question 36

What is the endocardium

Answer 36

Inner layer of the heart, continuous with blood vessel lining

Question 37

Describe cardiomyocytes

Answer 37

Large cylindircal cells that are atriated like skeletal muscle. They have short, branched fibres and a large number of mitochondria

Question 38

What are intercalated discs

Answer 38

connecting junctions between cardiac cells

Question 39

How does cardiac muscle regeneration compare to skeletal muscle

Answer 39

Not as effective