The Heritability of Mutations in Sex Cells

Question 1

changes in DNA sequence that can affect genetic traits
can occur in any cell, but only those in sex cells can be passed to offspring

Answer 1

Genetic Mutations

Question 2

types of mutation (3)

Answer 2

point
insertion
deletion

Question 3

single nucleotide change

Answer 3

point

Question 4

Addition of 1+ nucleotides

Answer 4

insertion

Question 5

Loss of 1+ nucleotides

Answer 5

deletion

Question 6

leads to frameshift mutation is more damaging
causes changes in the subsequent amino acid sequences in a polypeptide chain

Answer 6

insertion / deletion of sequence of nucleotides

Question 7

alter reading frame of the genetic code, have a significant effect on the gene product.

Answer 7

frameshift mutation

Question 8

include sperm & eggs.

Answer 8

sex cells

Question 9

other term for sex cells

Answer 9

gametes

Question 10

Each carries half the genetic information of an organism.
Mutations in these cells can be passed to the next generation.

Answer 10

sex cells

Question 11

changes to your DNA that you inherit from egg & sperm cells during conception

Answer 11

germline mutation

Question 12

changes to your DNA that happen after conception to cells other than the egg and sperm
passed to daughter cells during mitosis but not to offspring during sexual reproduction.

Answer 12

somatic mutation

Question 13

occur in sex cells
heritable

Answer 13

germline mutations

Question 14

occur in body cells
NOT passed to offspring

Answer 14

somatic mutations

Question 15

less significant than germ mutations

Answer 15

somatic mutation

Question 16

cell division process that creates sex cells

Answer 16

meiosis

Question 17

involves 2 rounds of division 🟰in 4 unique cells.

Answer 17

meiosis

Question 18

most important cells in the body for generation of an organism as they transmit necessary genetic information to form a new human being.

Answer 18

germ cells

Question 19

only have one half of the total amount of human genetic information.

Answer 19

germ cells

Question 20

passed from parent ▶️ offspring
these must occur in sex cells BEFORE fertilization

Answer 20

heritable mutation

Question 21

Not all mutations are harmful; some can be (1) ____ or (2) ______.

Answer 21

1 beneficial
2 neutral

Question 22

Carriers of genetic information in form of DNA.

Answer 22

chromosomes

Question 23

humans cells have: ___ chromosomes and __ pairs?

Answer 23

46
23

Question 24

centromere of each chromosome

Answer 24

short (p) arm
long (q) arm

Question 25

MOST COMMON TYPE of chromosomal abnormality

Answer 25

aneuploidy

Question 26

caused by an extra or missing chromosome

Answer 26

aneuploidy

Question 27

Changes in chromosome number, such as trisomy or monosomy.

Answer 27

numerical aberration

Question 28

Changes in chromosome structure

Answer 28

structural aberration

Question 29

types of chromosomal aberrations

Answer 29

numerical structural

Question 30

types of structural aberrations

Answer 30

translocation inversion duplication ring chromosomes

Question 31

Segments of chromosomes break off and attach to different chromosomes.

Answer 31

translocation

Question 32

Segments of a chromosome are reversed end to end

Answer 32

inversions

Question 33

Segments of a chromosome are copied, repeated.

Answer 33

duplications

Question 34

Ends of a chromosome join to form a ring

Answer 34

ring chromosomes

Question 35

Visualizing chromosomes under a microscope to identify structural and numerical changes

Answer 35

karyotyping

Question 36

Using fluorescent probes to detect specific chromosome abnormalities

Answer 36

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)

Question 37

Comparing patient DNA with reference DNA to find variations

Answer 37

Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH)

Question 38

Causes of Mutations in Sex Cells

Answer 38

Environmental factors: Radiation, chemicals, viruses Errors during DNA replication Random chance during cell division

Question 39

environmental factors that might increase mutation rates

Answer 39

tobacco smoke UV light aristolochic acid

Question 40

Some heritable mutations can lead to: ___ ?

Answer 40

genetic disorders

Question 41

often caused by specific mutations in sex cells

Answer 41

Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, hemophilia

Question 42

show effects even if only one copy is present.

Answer 42

dominant mutation

Question 43

require two copies to show effects.

Answer 43

recessive mutation

Question 44

can identify mutations in sex cells can inform individuals about potential risks for children can also guide family planning decisions

Answer 44

genetic testing

Question 45

Changes in structure/number of chromosomes

Answer 45

Chromosomal Mutations in Sex Cells

Question 46

lead to rapid evolution but also 🔼 genetic disorders

Answer 46

high mutation rates

Question 47

lead to stagnation, reduced adaptability

Answer 47

low mutation rates

Question 48

risks of high mutation rates in a population

Answer 48

genetic disorders, reduced fitness & survival chances, evolutionary instability

Question 49

benefits of high mutation rate in a population

Answer 49

genetic diversity, evolutionary innovation, adaptive evolution

Question 50

Chromosomal Mutations in Sex Cells examples

Answer 50

Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome