The History of Psychological Testing

Question 1

What is the first test with psychological measurement?

Years?

Answer 1

Rudimentary Forms of Testing in China

2200 BC - 1370

Question 2

What was the rudimentary forms of testing in China?

Answer 2

The Chinese emperor’s examination of his officials every 3rd year to determine their fitness for office.

Question 3

What topics did rudimentary forms of testing in China examine?

Answer 3

1. Geography
2. Agriculture
3. Revenue
4. Civil Law
5. Military Affairs

Question 4

What made the rudimentary forms of testing in China take its final form?

Answer 4

Emphasization on proficiency in the Confucian classics.

Question 5

What are the steps of rudimentary forms of testing in China?

Answer 5

• Preliminary Examination: A day and a night (1-7%).
• District Examination: 3 days and 3 nights (1-7%).
• Final Round: Privilege of going to Peking and become an eligible for public office (1-3%).

Question 6

What is physiognomy?

Who came up with it?

Answer 6

• Inner character can be judged from the appearance as it affects the outlook.
• “Changes in a person’s soul could impact the appearance of the body.”

Aristotle

Question 7

What did J. Lavater wrote and what did it include?

Answer 7

• “Essays on Physiognomy”
• Hundreds of meticulous drawings depicting his principles of physiognomy by which character could be judged from details of facial appearance.

Question 8

What is “phrenology”?

Who came up with it?

Answer 8

To extent that a specific faculty was well developed, the corresponding component of the brain would be enlarged.

F. J. Gall

Question 9

Who is the author of “Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General and the Brain in Particular”?

What field of approach did it talk about?

Answer 9

F. J. Gall

Phrenology

Question 10

What is the first device to measure psychological properties and who came up with it?

What field of approach was it made upon?

Answer 10

• Psychograph
• Henry C. Lavery

Phrenology

Question 11

What are the 2 categories psychograph takes place in as the “1st”?

Answer 11

• First device to measure psychological properties.
• One of the first automated personality descriptions.

Question 12

Who are the psychiatric antecedents of psychological testing?

Answer 12

• Hubert von Grashey
• Konrad Rieger

Question 13

What was one of the first memory measurement in the history, on whom were they tested on, what properties did it show?

Who made it

Answer 13

• Memory Drum (1885)
• Brain-injured patients
• Symbols - Words - Pictures

Hubert von Grashey

Question 14

Who made the first test battery, for whom was it?

Answer 14

• Konrad Rieger
• Brain-injured Patients

“Standardized procedures could help reveal the nature and extent of symptoms in the mentally ill and brain-injured patients.”

Question 15

What century was labeled as “Early Experimental Psychology”?

What was it called?

Answer 15

1800s

The Brass Instruments Era of Psychological Testing

Question 16

What was the problem of “The Brass Instruments Era of Psychological Testing”?

• What approach was dominating?

- What did they measure?

Answer 16

They mistook perceptual simple sensory processes for intelligence.

• Behavioral approach.

- Reaction times and sensory thresholds.

Question 17

What did the W. Wundt made for the first time in the history?

Answer 17

First experimental studies in psychology.

Question 18

What were the first devices in psychology?

Answer 18

• Psychograph
• Memory Drum
• Thought Meter

Question 19

What device did Wundt made, what did it measure?

Answer 19

• Thought Meter.
• The speed of thought.

Question 20

What were the first things that Galton has made?

Answer 20

1. Psychometric Lab
2. Battery of Mental Tests (Healthy People)

Question 21

What approach of Galton caused a paradigm shift?

Answer 21

“Individual differences not only exist but are objectively measureable.”

Question 22

What were the domains of battery of mental tests?

Answer 22

1. Physical Domain: Height, head length, fingers, etc.
2. Behavioral Domain: Strength of hand squeeze, capacity of lungs, highest audible tone, reaction time, etc.

Question 23

What is Cattel’s famous article and what is it about?

Answer 23

• Mental Test and Measurement
• First definition of mental test.

Question 23

Whose student is Cattel?

Answer 23

Wundt & Galton

Question 23

Who brought brass instruments to the US? | What important concept did he put out?

Answer 23

Cattel | Individual differences in tests ought to be studied **systematically.**

Question 24

How does Cattel see body and mind? | Which one should be used to interpret the other one?

Answer 24

Mental energy and bodiliy energy are **impossible to seperate.** | Physiological measure is an index of one’s mental power.

Question 25

What is the interpretation direction among physiology and mind compared to history?

Answer 25

- **Before:** Soul affected physical features. - **Now:** Physiology is used to interpret the soul (19th Century).

Question 26

- By how did they find out that brass era is not valid, and what was the research called? - By whom did this era come to an end? - Whose student was he?

Answer 26

- **Basic Validational Research** - He tested whether these mental test scores could predict academic performance: NO! - Clark Wissler - Cattel

Question 27

How were the mentally retarded people treated in the Middle Ages?

Answer 27

- They were considered **witches**, and they were **burned.** - **Beatings** were advocated as **treatment** in melancholia, frenzy, paralysis, epilepsy, facial expression of feebleminded.

Question 28

Were emotional disabilities treated differently in the Middle Ages?

Answer 28

No, they are the same as mental retardation.

Question 29

- Who saw the difference between mental illness and retardation after the Middle Ages, found the diagnosis? - What was the main criteria for the diagnosis of mental retardation. - How did he define them?

Answer 29

- **Esquirol** - **Language Skills** 1. **Idiocy (Mental Retardation):** Lifelong developmental phenomenon. 2. **Dementia (Mental Illness):** Abrupt onset in adulthood.

Question 30

Who is the student of Esquirol?

Answer 30

Seguin

Question 31

What did Seguin study on?

Answer 31

- **Itard:** *The Wild Boy of Aveyron* - Educational programs for persons with mental retardation. | "Idiocy, and Its Treatment by the Physiological Method"

Question 32

- What is the first standardized intelligence test? - Who made it?

Answer 32

- Binet's Intelligence Test - Alfred Binet

Question 33

What was the aim of the Binet's intelligence test?

Answer 33

- To identify children who could not profit from regular instruction / learn by the ordinary methods. - Categorize the children in education era. | Higher mental processes.

Question 34

What was Alfred Binet's approach to intelligence testing in the 19th century?

Answer 34

Intelligence could be better measured by **the higher psychological processes** rather than the *elementary sensory processes* such as RT.

Question 35

- Who made the first modern intelligence test? - What was the test called?

Answer 35

- Theodore Simon - The 1905 Binet-Simon Scale

Question 36

What was the purpose of The 1905 Binet-Simon Scale?

Answer 36

- Assessing the **entire gamut of intelligence** from **severe mental retardation** to high levels of giftedness. - Purpose was **classification,** not measurement.

Question 37

Who came up with IQ (Intelligence Quotient)? | What did they do?

Answer 37

- **William Stern:** Mental Age/Chronological Age - **Lewis Terman:** Mental Age/Chronological Age x 100

Question 38

Who made the first translation of the Binet-Simon Scale? | What did he do?

Answer 38

Henry H. Goddard | Categorized mentally retardeds.

Question 39

How did Goddard categorize mental retardation? | Why was he criticized?

Answer 39

- **Idiots:** Mental age < 2 - **Imbeciles:** Mental age 3-7 - **Feebleminded:** Mental age 8-12 | Undesirable behaviors like crime was due to inherited mental deficiency.

Question 40

- Who made the examination of immigrants? - What did he do? - What did it cause? | Where did this happen?

Answer 40

- Henry H. Goddard - Gave them mental tests. - **Immigration Restriction:** 50% of immigrants were imbeciles and feebleminded. | Ellis Island

Question 41

- What was the intelligence test which was applied during the examination of immigrants for those who didn't speak the language called? - Who made it?

Answer 41

- Digit Symbol Substitution Test - Howard Knox

Question 42

- What is the first test with instruction? - Who made it?

Answer 42

- The Stanford-Binet Test - Lewis Terman

Question 43

- Who made the test for the classification of WWI army recruits? - Were they tested one by one? - What was the purpose of it?

Answer 43

- Yerkes & Goddard & Terman - Group administered. - Intelligence test for classification.

Question 44

What were the tests used for WWI classification test?

Answer 44

1. **The Army Alpha Test:** Verbal. For average and high-functioning recruits. 2. **The Army Beta Test:** Nonverbal. For illiterates and recruits whose first language isn't English.

Question 45

What tests do the ETS (Educational Testing Service) provide?

Answer 45

1. SAT 2. GRE 3. TOEFL

Question 46

What test was created to avoid duplication in the testing of applicants to US colleges?

Answer 46

SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test)

Question 47

Why was there a new aptitude test for WWII?

Answer 47

Categorizing based on intelligence didn't do much.

Question 48

What were the personality and vocational tests after WWI? | For whom were they made?

Answer 48

1. **Woodworth’s Personal Data Sheet:** For detecting Army recruits who were susceptible to psychoneurosis. 2. **Thurstone Personality Schedule:** More regular daily basis. 3. **Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - MMPI (Hatway & McKinley):** More on the psychopathology.

Question 49

What are the projective tests?

Answer 49

1. **Rorschach Test:** Inkblot. 2. **Thematic Apperception Test - TAT (Morgan & Murray):** Stories.