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year 9 > The holocaust and the Cold War > Flashcards

The holocaust and the Cold War Flashcards

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1
Q

what is orthodox judaism

A

a traditional form of judaism that directly follows teachings from the Torah

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2
Q

what is reform judaism

A

a form of judaism that has changed many traditional teachings and adapted them for the 20th century

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3
Q

comparison of Jews in Germany and Poland before 1933

A

-less than 0.75% of German population were Jewish (around 500,000) and Reform Judaism had become popular for German Jews
-10% of the Polish population were Jewish (around 8.3 million) and many were Orthodox Jews

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4
Q

what is anti-semitism

A

hostility/prejudice towards Jews

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5
Q

what is the aryan race

A

Hitler’s ideal German race

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6
Q

what is boycotting

A

refusing to go or to support something as punishment

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7
Q

what is persecution

A

hostility to and ill-treatment of a certain group

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8
Q

Why did Hitler dislike Jews

A

Hitler capitalised on pre-existing antisemitic views. He was born in Austria and served for the German army during WW1 and couldn’t get over the defeat of the German Empire. He believed the myths spread by German command arguing that Jews and communists had betrayed the country and brought a left wing government to power that had let Germany surrender. Hitler created a stereotypical enemy and believed expelling the Jews was the solution to German issues

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9
Q

When did Hitler become chancellor

A

1933- TURNING POINT

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10
Q

How were Jewish businesses and jobs impacted after 1933

A

-Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels urged Germans in Berlin to boycott Jewish owned businesses
- 1933 Nazis started a scheme of terror to persuade Jews out of certain jobs (lawyers, teachers etc.) using violence and intimidation to prevent them going to work

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11
Q

how did propaganda change after 1933

A

-tone of propaganda reflected strong anti-semitic views
-portrayed Jews as an ‘alien race’ that fed off Germany, poisoned its culture and seized its economy
-posters, radio addresses, films and newspapers
-aimed to drive Jews out of Germany

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12
Q

How did Jewish population change in Germany after 1933

A

in 1933 population was around 500,000. Between 1933-1939 around 300,000 Jews left Germany, settling primarily in Britain, France or the USA

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13
Q

What was the eternal Jew exhibition

A

November 1937 to January 31st 1938 in Munich
Poster revealed an eastern Jew holding gold coins in one hand and a whip in the other to represent his greed
Aimed to show ‘typical outward features’ of Jews and helped promote anti-Semitic feelings, attracting over 5000 per day

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14
Q

how were schools impacted after 1933

A

-teachers inspected by local Nazi officials
- teachers considered disloyal or jewish sacked
-major changes in subjects- history and biology
-teachers expected to attack Jewish lifestyles

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15
Q

how were public places/books impacted after 1933

A
  • Jews had assigned seats
    -banned from going to cinemas, swimming pools and walking in certain areas
  • books deemed ‘un-German’ were burnt
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16
Q

what were the Nuremberg Laws

A

2 distinct laws passed in Nazi Germany, September 1935, that embodied many of the racial theories underpinning Nazi ideology and provided the legal framework for the systematic persecution of Jews in Germany. They consisted of the Law for the protection of German Blood and Honour and the Reich Citizenship Law

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17
Q

what was the law for the protection of German blood and honour

A

-announced 15th September 1935
-motivated by Nazi desire to ensure an Aryan race
-Stated that those with ‘German blood’ weren’t allowed to marry Jews or have sexual relations with them
-prior marriages remained but were encouraged to divorce
-Jews weren’t permitted to employ German blood servants under 45
-Jews only permitted to display jewish colours

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18
Q

what was the Reich citizenship law

A

-Nationality was determined by the reich (german government)
-Jews no longer deemed citizens of Germany
-citizens must be of German blood and must prove loyalty
-Stripped jews of basic civil rights
-Categorised Jews and defined them by religion/race

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19
Q

what was the gestapo

A

Hitler’s secret police that would spy on people and cause fear

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20
Q

what was kristallnacht

A

occurred on nights of 9th and 10th of November, 1938
attacks organised by the SA and the Gestapo
Nazi party declared reasons for attacks were justified anger of the Germans
Innocent Jews were blamed for causing riots and Jews were imprisoned at Dachau

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21
Q

what is a ghetto

A

a section of a city in which minority groups live

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22
Q

what was ghettoization

A

the Nazi policy which dictated that the Jews of Poland be forced to live in ghettos. 400 ghettos were created in order to isolate Jews in an attempt to segregate them from mixing with the Aryan race

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23
Q

what were conditions like in the Warsaw Ghetto

A

-situated in Poland October 1940- May 1943
-one of biggest ghettos
-around 400,000 Jews
-over 70,000 died from diesease/starvation
-over 20,000 deported to labour camps and murdered in November 1943

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24
Q

what was untermenschen

A

German word for ‘undesirables’- people who the Nazis didn’t see as part of the aryan race

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25
what was Roma
a European ethnic group whose ancestry can be traced to modern day Idnia
26
what was Jehovah's Witness
a religious group that believe God (whose name is Jehovah) will end crime, violence, sickness and death by destroying all wickedness in world
27
what did Nazis believe about the aryan race
that they were the master race and superior to the 'untermenschen'. Many Nazi scientists believed in eugenics, the idea that people with disablities/social problems were impure and whose genes needed to be eliminated from the human bloodline
28
what groups were persecuted by the Nazis
-political -criminals -asocial people (Roma, mentally ill, physically/mentally disabled, alcoholics, drug addicts, pacifists) -homosexual people -Jehovah's Witnesses -Emigrants
29
how were Roma persecuted
-Jan 1936- Roma weren't allowed to be german citizens, marry/sexual relationships with Germans -1936- Dr Robert Ritter claims 90% of Roma carry bad racial blood and Himmler orders Gestapo to persecute german Roma, Roma are forcefully sterilised -December 1942- Himmler (SS head) orders Roma in greater Germany to be deported to Aushwitz
30
how were homosexuals persecuted
1934- Gestapo order local police to hunt down homosexuals to be put on trials October 1936- Gay men and aborting women said to be weakening German race so Himmler states they can be imprisoned without trial and kept as long as Nazis want September 1942- SS given power to work to death certain concentration camp prisoners
31
How were black people persecuted
1937- discrimination turns to persecution, Gestapo sterilise black people by force using 1933 sterilisation law
32
how were disabled people persecuted
1933 sterilisation law forces operations on disabled to prevent childbirth 300,000-400,000 forced to have operations from Jan 1934-1945 Autumn 1939- Hitler orders 1st systematic mass murder programme- murder of disabled known as 'Euthanasia programme'. Resulted in about 170,000 deaths
33
what was a concentration camp
area where prisoners would live on appalling conditions whilst doing forced labour
34
what was a death camp
a camp, usually attatched to a concentration camp, where prisoners would be killed on a mass scale
35
what was Auschwitz
one of the largest and most famous concentration camps run by the Nazis
36
what was the wannsee conference
conference on January 20, 1940 where 15 Nazi leaders talked about plan to get rid of all european jews through deliberate and carefully planned destruction, led by Reinhard Heydrich
37
what was the warthegau
western area of occupied Poland
38
who was Adolf Hitler
leader of the Nazi party and organiser of the persecution of the undesirables
39
who was Heinrich Himmler
Head of the SS and Gestapo. Set up and controlled camps in the SS
40
what was the zegota
a secret polish group that rescued Jews from the Nazis
41
what is communism
an ideology where everyone in a society shares the same economic resources. it was created in 1848 by Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx. It means there is no hierarchy of social class as all means of production are owned by the community and private property does not exist. It aims to avoid problems caused by differences in distribution of wealth in other economic systems
42
what is capitalism
economic system where businesses and industries are owned privately
43
what is democracy
a form of government where people have the choice to choose their leaders through elections
44
what was the cold war
1945-1991: A period of tensions between the USA and the USSR, former allies in WWII who became rivals due to ideological differences. The USA promoted capitalism while the USSR wanted to spread communism. Both sides built nuclear weapons and used containment strategies to limit the other's influence. The cold war ended in 1991 when the USSR collapsed
45
how did different ideologies cause the cold war
The US and the Soviet Union had different ideas of the organisation of countries- US wanted capitalism and USSR wanted communism, which led to great political tensions, gradually escalating into the Cold War
46
what does the USSR stand for
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union
47
What was the Potsdam conference
July 1945, leaders from the US, UK and USSR met in Potsdam, Germany to discuss what to do with defeated Germany and how to rebuild Europe. They didn't agree with each other and the disagreement over how to manage post-war Germany led to its division
48
What was the Yalta conference
February 1945- Meeting between the USA, Britain and the Soviet Union to organise Europe following the second world war, agreed to split Germany into zones controlled by different countries. The conference also laid the groundwork for the establishment of the United Nations
49
What was the Truman doctrine
a foreign policy created by President Harry S. Truman to contain the spread of communism, announced in 1947. Truman believed communism posed threats to international peace and the national security of the US. This policy shifted US foreign policy from isolationism to active global intervention.
50
what was the Marshall Aid
a plan to provide economic aid to rebuild Europe after WWII, 1947, proposed by George Marshall -US pledged 13 billion dollars to Europe -included money, food and machinery -way to stop countries from turning into communist states
51
what is an ideology
a set of shared beliefs
52
what is an atomic bomb
an extremely powerful weapon that uses nuclear reactions to destroy
53
what is a nuclear deterrence
prevents conflicts by making everyone afraid of damage of nuclear weaons
54
what is a destructive power
ability of force or something to cause harm
55
what is military supremacy
makes a country/group the most powerful in defence and fighting capability
56
what was the arms race
competition between countries to have the biggest and best weapons and develop superior military capabilities
57
when did the USA introduce the atomic bomb
1945. The USA had felt secure knowing it was the only country in the world with such a powerful weapon
58
When did the USSR introduce the atomic bomb
1949
59
what did the USA do in response to Stalin's development of an atomic bomb
they developed a hydrogen bomb in 1950 which was 1000 times more harmful than the atomic bomb and restored the American advantage
60
when did the USSR develop the hydrogen bomb
1953
61
how did the arms race act as a deterrent
The weapons were being developed to try and stop the other side from going to war at all as both sides understood the risks involved using nuclear weapons
62
what happened in 1957
the soviets launched sputnik 1 and became the first to put a successful satellite into orbit
63
when was America's 1st successful satellite put into orbit
Explorer I- 1958, a year following the launch of sputnik 1
64
Who was Yuri Gagarin
a soviet hero who became the first man in space on the 12th of April 1961
65
Who was Alan Shepard
the 1st American in space (5 May 1961), 3 weeks after Gagarin
66
what happened on the 25 May 1961
President John F. Kennedy promised the US would be the 1st to land a man on the moon before 1970, launching the apollo programme
67
what happened on July 20th 1969
Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk in the moon
68
what was the space race
period from the late 1950s to the early 1970s during which the USA and the USSR competed to achieve 'firsts' in space/superiority in space exploration
69
When was the USSR established
1922
70
what is isolationism
a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries.
71
What were the two main opposing blocs during the Cold War?
The Western bloc led by the United States and the Eastern bloc led by the Soviet Union.
72
True or False: The Cold War was primarily a military conflict.
False: The Cold War was characterized by political tension, ideological conflict, and economic competition, rather than direct military confrontation.
73
Which event marked the beginning of the Cold War?
The end of World War II and the subsequent division of Europe.
74
What was the purpose of NATO, formed in 1949?
To provide collective defense against aggression, primarily from the Soviet Union.
75
What was the Holocaust?
The Holocaust was the systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its allies during World War II.
76
True or False: The Holocaust only targeted Jewish people.
False: The Holocaust also targeted other groups including Roma, disabled individuals, homosexuals, and others deemed 'undesirable' by the Nazis.
77
Fill in the blank: The Holocaust occurred during _______.
World War II
78
Which event is commonly recognized as the beginning of the Holocaust?
The implementation of the Nuremberg Laws in september 1935, which stripped Jews of their rights in Germany.

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