The Hormones!

Question 1

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of:

Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone (TRH)

Answer 1

Hypothalamus; Peptide; Stimulates secretion of TSH and prolactin

Question 2

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of:

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Answer 2

Hypothalamus; Peptide; Stimulates secretion of ACTH

Question 3

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of:

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Answer 3

Hypothalamus; Peptide; Stimulates secretion of LH and FSH

Question 4

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of:

Somatostatin or somatotropin-release inhibiting hormone (SRIF)

Answer 4

Hypothalamus; Peptide; Inhibits secretion of growth hormone

Question 5

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of:

Dopamine or prolactin inhibiting factor (PIF)

Answer 5

Hypothalamus; Amine; Inhibits secretion of prolactin

Question 6

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of:

Growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH)

Answer 6

Hypothalamus; Peptide; Stimulates secretion of growth hormone

Question 7

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of:
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
(TSH)

Answer 7

Anterior Pituitary; Peptide; Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones.

Question 8

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of:
Follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH)

Answer 8

Anterior Pituitary; Peptide; Stimulates sperm maturation in Sertoli cells of testes. ALSO, stimulates follicular development and estrogen synthesis in ovaries

Question 9

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of:
Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer 9

Anterior Pituitary; Peptide; Stimulates testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of testes. ALSO, stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum,
estrogen and progesterone synthesis in ovaries

Question 10

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of:

Growth hormone

Answer 10

Anterior Pituitary; Peptide; Stimulates protein synthesis and overall growth

Question 11

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of:

Prolactin

Answer 11

Anterior Pituitary; Peptide; Stimulates milk production and secretion in breast

Question 12

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH)

Answer 12

Anterior Pituitary; Peptide; Stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones (cortisol, androgens, and aldosterone)

Question 13

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of:
Melanocyte-stimulating
hormone (MSH)

Answer 13

Anterior Pituitary; Peptide; Stimulates melanin synthesis (? humans)

Question 14

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of:

Oxytocin

Answer 14

Posterior Pituitary; Peptide; Stimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterine contractions

Question 15

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of:
Vasopressin or antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)

Answer 15

Posterior Pituitary; Peptide; Stimulates water reabsorption in principal cells of collecting ducts and constriction of arterioles

Question 16

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of:
Triiodothyronine (T3) and
L-thyroxine (T4)

Answer 16

Thyroid; Amine; Stimulates skeletal growth; oxygen consumption; heat production; protein, fat, and carbohydrate utilization; perinatal maturation of the central
nervous system

Question 17

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of:

Calcitonin

Answer 17

Thyroid; Peptide; Decreases serum [Ca2+]

Question 18

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of:
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 18

Parathyroid; Peptide; Increases serum [Ca2+]

Question 19

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of:

Cortisol (glucocorticoid)

Answer 19

Adrenal Cortex; Steroid; Stimulates gluconeogenesis; inhibits inflammatory response; suppresses immune response; enhances vascular responsiveness to
catecholamines

Question 20

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of:
Aldosterone
(mineralocorticoid)

Answer 20

Adrenal Cortex; Steroid; Increases renal Na+ reabsorption, K+ secretion, and H+ secretion

Question 21

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of:
Dehydroepiandrosterone
(DHEA) and
androstenedione (adrenal
androgens)

Answer 21

Adrenal Cortex; Steroid; Stimulates spermatogenesis; stimulates male
secondary sex characteristics (like testosterone?)

Question 22

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of:

Testosterone

Answer 22

Testes; Steroid; Stimulates spermatogenesis; stimulates male secondary sex characteristics

Question 23

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of:

Estradiol

Answer 23

Ovaries; Steroid; Stimulates growth and development of female reproductive system, follicular phase of menstrual cycle, development of breasts, prolactin secretion; maintains pregnancy

Question 24

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of:

Progesterone

Answer 24

Ovaries; Steroid; Stimulates luteal phase of menstrual cycle; maintains pregnancy

Question 25

Besides the ovaries, what other semi-endocrine glands produce progesterone?

Answer 25

Corpus luteum and placenta

Question 26

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of: | Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Answer 26

Placenta; Peptide; Stimulates estrogen and progesterone synthesis in corpus luteum of early pregnancy

Question 27

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of: Human placental lactogen (HPL), or human chorionic somatomammotropin

Answer 27

Placenta; Peptide; Has growth hormone–like and prolactin-like actions during pregnancy

Question 28

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of: | Estriol

Answer 28

Placenta; Steroid; Stimulates growth and development of female reproductive system, follicular phase of menstrual cycle, development of breasts, prolactin secretion; maintains pregnancy

Question 29

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of: | Insulin (β cells)

Answer 29

Pancreas; Peptide; Decreases blood [glucose]

Question 30

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of: | Glucagon (α cells)

Answer 30

Pancreas; Peptide; Increases blood [glucose]

Question 31

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of: | Renin

Answer 31

Kidney; Peptide; Catalyzes conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Question 32

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of: | 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

Answer 32

Kidney; Steroid; Increases intestinal absorption of Ca2+; bone mineralization

Question 33

Gland of origin, chemical classification, major actions of: | Norepinephrine, epinephrine

Answer 33

Adrenal Medulla; Amine; Actions of sympathetic nervous system

Question 34

Describe the basics of hormone-receptor interactions and the general result of their coupling. HINT: words to use: effector proteins, G-protein, cAMP, IP3, adenylyl cyclase, GTP

Answer 34

Hormone actions on target cells begin when the hormone binds to a membrane receptor, forming a hormone-receptor complex. In many hormonal systems, the hormone-receptor complex is coupled to effector proteins by guanosine triphosphate (GTP)–binding proteins (G proteins). The effector proteins usually are enzymes, either adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C. When the effector proteins are activated, a second messenger, either cAMP or IP3 (inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate), is produced, which amplifies the original hormonal signal and orchestrates the physiologic actions.