The Human Body: An Orientation

Question 1

During this time, people believed that medicine were supernaturally influenced. Meaning, it is an outcome of magic and religion.

Answer 1

Memphis, Egypt (2600 BC)

Question 2

It is a surgical intervention in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the human skull.

Answer 2

Trepanning

Question 3

He was a Greek physician, known for authoring extensively on anatomy and human physiology; works that defined the discipline for over a millennium

Answer 3

Galen of Pergamon

Question 4

This is where Galen of Pergamon resided

Answer 4

Pergamon, Turkey (200 CE)

Question 5

It is the belief that these humors—black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood—are needed to remain balanced in order for people to remain healthy

Answer 5

Solidified Four-Humor Theory of Human Functions

Question 6

He was one of the first physicians to accurately record and illustrate human anatomy based on his findings from autopsies and dissections.

Answer 6

Andreas Vesalius

Question 7

He was one of the first to challenge the beliefs of Galen and dispute the claims set more than 1300 years ago.

Answer 7

Andreas Vesalius

Question 8

Father of Modern Anatomy

Answer 8

Andreas Vesalius

Question 9

the study of the structure or morphology of the body and how the body parts are organized.

Answer 9

Anatomy

Question 10

The study of the structures that make up a discrete body system

Answer 10

Systemic Anatomy

Question 11

the study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific external and internal region of the body

Answer 11

Regional Anatomy

Question 12

the study of the functions of body parts, what they do, and how they do it.

Answer 12

Physiology

Question 13

the study of the diseases of the body.

Answer 13

Pathology

Question 14

All life is highly ordered and structured. Not only do all living things that we know of have cells and cellular structures, but many living things also have larger-scale structure

Answer 14

Organization

Question 15

the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body.

Answer 15

Metabolism

Question 16

It is the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then to react to them

Answer 16

Responsiveness

Question 17

can be an increase in cell size or an increase in body size that is usually accomplished by an increase in the number of cells.

Answer 17

Growth

Question 18

It is the development of a cell from an unspecialised to a specialised state

Answer 18

Development

Question 19

the production of a new individual. The formation of new cells occurs through cell division

Answer 19

Reproduction

Question 20

is the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes

Answer 20

Homeostasis

Question 21

Enumerate the seven characteristics of Life

Answer 21

Organization
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Growth
Development
Reproduction
Homeostasis

Question 22

What are the five levels of BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

Answer 22

Chemical level
Cellular Level
Tissue Level
Organ Level
System Level
Organismal Level

Question 23

Explain the levels of biological organization

Answer 23

Atoms-molecules-cells-tissues-organs- organ system-organism

Question 24

Participates in body movements, such as walking; maintains posture; produces heat.

Answer 24

Muscular System

Question 25

Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in body’s internal and external environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.

Answer 25

Nervous System

Question 26

Regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ).

Answer 26

Endocrine System

Question 27

Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid–base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids

Answer 27

Cardiovascular System

Question 28

Lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells, and others).

Answer 28

Lymphatic System And Immunity

Question 29

Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from the blood to exhaled air

Answer 29

Respiratory System

Question 30

Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food

Answer 30

Digestive System

Question 31

eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid–base balance of body fluids

Answer 31

Urinary System

Question 32

onads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes

Answer 32

Reproductive Systems

Question 33

describes the body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing.

Answer 33

HOMEOSTASIS

Question 34

Conditions around the cell whose values change over time

Answer 34

Variables

Question 35

The ideal value of a variable

Answer 35

Set Point

Question 36

A certain range above and below the set points where homeostasis is maintained.

Answer 36

Normal Range

Question 37

Methods of manipulating a variable to remain within the normal range.

Answer 37

Homeostatic Mechanisms

Question 38

It is a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.

Answer 38

Feedback System (or feedback loop)

Question 39

It is a monitored variable, such as body temperature, blood pressure, or blood glucose level

Answer 39

controlled condition

Question 40

Any disruption that changes a controlled condition

Answer 40

stimulus

Question 41

What are the components of homeostatic Control Sysyesm

Answer 41

Receptor Control Center Effector

Question 42

It is a type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment.

Answer 42

Receptor

Question 43

determines the level (setpoint) at which a variable is to be maintained.

Answer 43

Control Center

Question 44

Provides the means for the control center’s response (output) to the stimulus.

Answer 44

Effector

Question 45

reverses a change in a controlled condition.

Answer 45

Negative Feedback

Question 46

are rare in the body because they tend to increase the original disturbance (stimulus) and to push the variable farther from its original value.

Answer 46

Positive Feedback