The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards
Describe Anatomy
Anatomy studies the the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another
Describe Physiology
Physiology concerns itself with the function of body; or how the body work and carryout their life sustaining activities
When referring to the reference man/woman, we are assuming what characteristics?
The reference man is a healthy 22 yr. old male weighing about 155 lbs. or a healthy young female weighing about 125 lbs.
What is Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy
Large body structures visible to the naked eye such as the heart lungs and kidneys
Describe the 5 ways Gross anatomy can be approached.
Regional Anatomy - all the structures of a particular region of the body are examined at the same time.
Systemic Anatomy - body structures are examined system by system.
Surface Anatomy - the study of internal structures and how the relate to the surface of your skin.
Microscopic Anatomy - deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye. Subdivisions include cytology (cells) and histology (tissues).
Developmental Anatomy- traces the structural changes that occur to the body throughout the life span. Embryology (development before birth) is a subdivision of Developmental Anatomy.
What does physiology concern itself with?
Most of them consider the operation of specific organ systems. As well as the the principles of physics, which explain electrical currents, blood pressure, and the way muscles and bones are used to create body movements among other things.
What does the concept called the principles of complementarity of structure and function?
it is the concept that tries to explain inseparable bond between anatomy and physiology as function always represents structure.
Describe the 6 levels of structural organization of the body?
Chemical Level- tries to explain the relationship between atoms, molecules, and organelles.
Cellular Level- can vary in shape,size that reflect their unique functions in the body.
Tissue level- Explains the collective cells that have a common function in the body.
Organ Level- explains the complex functions become possible at the tissue level.
Organ system Level- How organs work together to accomplish a common purpose.
Organismal Level - How all structural levels work together to keep us alive.
What are the necessary life functions does the human body carries out?
Maintaining Boundaries- where its external environment separates itself from the internal environment.
Movement- where the activities of the muscular system are used to propel oneself from one place to another.
Responsiveness or irritability - the ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them.
Digestion- the ability to breakdown food into simple molecules that can be absorbed be the blood.
Metabolism- a broad term that is used to describe the chemical reactions, breaking down substances to their building blocks to create new ones, and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP.
Excretion- the process of removing waste from the body.
Reproduction- occurs at the cellular and organismal level.
Growth- increase in size of the body part through the increasing number of cells
Further Explain the reproductive function at the cellular and organismal level.
Reproduction can occur at the cellular level to create two daughter cells through cellular division that can be used to grow or repair the body. On the other hand reproduction at the organismal level refers to the process one takes to produce offsprings where this function is exquisitely regulated by hormones and the endocrine system. Where males produce sperm and the females produce eggs; as the reproductive organs of both genders are very different. Where the female reproductive system provide the structures needed to fertilize the egg by the sperm, and in turn protects and nurture the developing fetus.
What survival needs the body require to maintain life?
Nutrients- are taken and absorbed via diet that contain the necessary chemical substances used for energy and cell building.
Oxygen - foods require oxidative relations that consume oxygen in order to complete.
Water- constitutes 60-80% of the body and is the most abundant substance in the body.
Normal body temperatures- Normal body temperature must be maintained 37˚C or 98˚ F
Atmospheric Pressure- The appropriate force that air exerts on the body to support gas exchange used to support cellular metabolism.
What is Homeostasis?
Homeostasis describes the body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even thought the outside world changes continuously.
How is Homeostatic Communication chiefly accomplished?
Communication is chiefly accomplished through through the nervous and endocrine systems, which use neural electrical impulses or blood borne hormones as information carriers.
Regardless of what is being regulated, the homeostatic control is involves which three components?
The first component is the receptor, a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes called stimuli, by sending information the the second component.
The second component is the control center which determines the level or range the variable is to be maintained.
- Where information travels through the afferent pathway and exits through the efferent pathway.
The third component is the effector that provides the means of the control center response by either reducing or increasing the rate of the variable.
What is the difference between a negative feedback mechanism and a positive feedback mechanism?
Negative Feedback mechanism- The output shuts off the the original effect of the stimuli or reduces its intensity. And is the most common type of feedback mechanism in the body.
Positive Feedback mechanism- the response enhances the original stimuli so that he response is accelerated.
