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Human Physiology for Podiatry > The Human Cell > Flashcards

The Human Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Plasma Membrane

A

The membrane on the surface of animal cells
Made mainly of lipids and Protein
Function = regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell
Contains receptor molecules which allow it to respond to chemical like hormones
Participates in the generation and conduction of electrical current

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2
Q

What is the Nucleolus

A

Organelle within the nucleus and is responsible for Ribosonal RNA synthesis and ribosone production

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3
Q

What are Nuclear Pores

A
  • small channels spanning the nuclear membrane
  • Lined by a set of protiens called nuclear pore complex
  • Allow for passage of metabolites, macromolecules
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4
Q

What is the Nucleus

A

Largest organelles of a cell
Surrounded by nuclear membrane
Contains Chromosomes (hereditary info)
Function = Controls cell activity and assembles ribosomes for protein manufacture

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5
Q

What is the Cytoplasm

A

Gel like fluid inside the cell
Site of many cellular activities
Fluid part of the cytoplasm is called cytsol
Cytosol contains water, nutrients, enzymes and other substances

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6
Q

What are Ribosomes

A

Organelles responsible for protein synthesis
Two types of ribosomes in a cell are free and fixed ribosomes
Free ribosomes - scattered throughout the cytoplasm create protein to be used within the cell
Fixed ribosomes - attach to Endoplasmic Reticulum where they are modified for use within the cell or secreted from the cell

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7
Q

What is Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • A sytem of membranes channels continues with the nuclear membrane extending throught the cytoplasm
  • Contain internal spaces called Cisternae
  • Responsible for the transportaion of production of molecules
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8
Q

What is the smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Synthesizes lipids, phospholipid, carbohydrates (e.g. glycogen) and cholestural steroid hormones
  • Absorbs and transports fats
  • Detoxification of drugs (in liver and kidneys)
  • SER in skeletal muscle stores Calcium ions
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9
Q

What is Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribsomes on its surface (fixed ribosomes).
  • Many of these proteins are then modified and packaged for export to there next destination the Golgi apparatus
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10
Q

What are Golgi Apparatus

A
  • A group of Fluid filled membrane bound flattened sacs
  • Modify and packages and distribute proteins and lipids
  • Adds or removes carbohydrates to and from proteins to change their function
  • Renews or modifies plasma membrane
  • Makes Lysomes
  • It has the ability to break off into vesicles and can thus facilitate the exocytosis of these modified products.
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11
Q

What are Golgi Vesicles

A
  • Small fluid filled sac surrounded by membrane
  • Carry newly synthesized protein or glycoprotiens destined for export out of the cell
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12
Q

What are Lysosomes

A
  • Vesicles filled with digestive enzymes
  • They can be used to digest invading cells or breakdown worn out components
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13
Q

What main cellular function is performed by the mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria are involved in cellular metabolism, specifically the production of energy via aerobic respiration.

In the mitochondria, the Krebs cycle produces electron carriers, while the electron transport chain facilitates the formation of a proton gradient. This gradient is used to produce ATP.

Krebs cycle = Electron Carrier

Electron transport chain = Proton Gradient

Proton Gradient = used to produce ATP

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14
Q

membrane

What are mitochondria

A
  • Mitochondria large bean shaped organelles which provide energy for cells.
  • Consist of an unusal double membrane, outer membrane covers the whole of the organelle and the inner membrane contains folds known as Cristae (increase surface area).
  • Produce 95% of energy required by a cell in the form of AdenosineTriPhosphate ATP.
  • Found in cells whcih requiee lots of energy (mucles, sperm)
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15
Q

Which cell structures consists of DNA chains wrapped around histone proteins?

A

Chromatin

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16
Q

What are peroxisomes

A
  • Vesicles contatining degradeative enzymes
  • Catabolize fats and other organic compounds
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17
Q

Which component of the cell membrane is responsible for the membranes ability to form a barrier between a cells internal and external environment.

A

Phospholipid Bilayer enables the cell membrane to act as a selective physical barrier.

18
Q

Membrane proteins may function as what 5 answers

A

Receptors - extracellular materials bind to them and change cell activity

Channel - permit water, ions and solutes to bypass lipid membrane

Carrier - transport solutes across the cell membrane

Enzymes - Catalyze reactions in cell

Anchors - attach the cell membrane to other structures and stabalize it

Identifiers/recognisers - Identify a cell as normal, abnormal to the immune system

19
Q

Regarding membrane transport give three forms of passive procceses

A

Diffusion - net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Particles diffuse down the concentration gradient
Facilitated diffusion - Specialized protein carrier molecules attract and bind to substances too big to diffuse through semipermiable membrane. The carrier changes its shape and deposits the substance on the other side of the membrane.
Osmosis - Passive movement of water down the concentration gradient across a semipermiable membrane.

20
Q

What is passive transport

A

when substances can move across semipermiable mebranes down the concentration gradient without using energy

21
Q

What is Active Transport

A

Transprot of substances against the concentration gradient from a lower to a higher concentration.

22
Q

What is the Cytoskeleton

A

Internal protein framework of various filaments and tubles giving the cytoplasm strength and support.

23
Q

What are microfilaments what are they made from

A
  • Tiny fibres made from actin
  • Anchored to the cell membrane and provide support and shape
  • Part of the cytoskeleton
24
Q

What are Microtubles

A
  • Large rigid proteins
  • Provide pathways for internall movement of organelles and chromosomes during cell division
  • Part of the Cytoskeleton
25
Q

What are Cell extensions

A

These project form the plasma mebmrane in some cell types
There main components are Microtubles

26
Q

What are Microvilli

A
  • Tiny projections that cover the surface of some cells
  • They increase surface area of a cell
  • Common feature in cells actively engaged in absorbing materials from extracellular fluid e.g. digestive tract, Kidneys
27
Q

What are Cilia

A
  • Tiny hair like projections that lie along the free border of some cells
  • They beat in unison moving substances along their surface
  • In the respritaroy tract mucus is moved by the ciliary action away from the lungs toward the mouth to be swallowed
28
Q

What are Flagella

A
  • Single whip like projecvtions containing microtubles
  • They form the tail of Sdperm and are used fro locomotion to proppel sperm through the female reproductive tract
29
Q

What is Bulk Transport

A
  • Is the transport of particals too large to cross a cell membrane
  • This is done by Endocytosis (moving molecules into a cell by enclosing them in a vesicle made out of plasma membrane)
  • Pinocytosis allows the cell to bring in fluid
  • Phaygocytosis is where the particel is engulfed, vacuole formed and lysosomes fuse with vacuole releasing enzymes that digest the contents
  • Exocytosis is then used to expell the waste material from inside the cell outside using vesicles that fuse to the plasma membrane
30
Q

centrisome-centrioles-microtubles

What are Centrosome/Centrioles and their function

A
  • Centrosomes organize microtubles in a cell
  • Consist of two centrioles made from microtubles
  • Responsible for the formation of the mitotic spindle during mitosis which is needed for the movement of chromosomes
31
Q

Describe in detail the phospholipid bi layer

A
  • Part of the plasma membrane
  • Two layer of phosoplipids
  • They have a head (phosphate) and a tail fatty acid tail (lipid)
  • Head is charged do to the presence of a phosphate molecule (Hydrophilic) soluble in water and faces externally (likes water)
  • Tail insoluble in water (Hydrophobic lipid body) project internally between the heads dosent like water
  • Also contains cholestural which provid fluidity to the membrane
  • Allows lipid soluble molecules to pass but doesnt allow ions and water soluble components to enter.
  • This is what makes the plasam membrane selectivley permiable
32
Q

In terms of membrane proteins how do they function as channels

A

permit water ions and solutes to bypass lipid membrane

33
Q

In terms of membrane proteins how do they act as receptors

A

Extracellular materials bind to receptors in the membrane and change cell activity

34
Q

In terms of membrane proteins how do they act as carriers

A

They transport solutes across the cell membrane

35
Q

In terms of membrane proteins how do they function as enzymes

A

Catalyze reactions in the cell

36
Q

In terms of membrane proteins how do they function as anchors

A

They attach the cell membrane to other structures and help stabalize it

37
Q

In terms of membrane proteins how do they function as Identify/recognisers

A

They identify a cell as normal or abnormal. Helps to recognize cells that may be causing infection

38
Q

what are protosomes

A

Break down and recycle damaged or abnormal protiens in a cell
Cylindrical sturcuture containing Protease
Protease is a protein breaking enzyme

39
Q

label the cell

A
40
Q

Explain the fluid mosaic model

A

The fluid mosaic model is used to describe the plasma membrane. It is composed of lipids with a “mosaic” of embedded proteins and other components, and its “fluidity” allows these macromolecule components to move laterally within the membrane.

41
Q

Which human cells do not contain a nucleous

A

Erythrocytes Red Blood cells

42
Q

Give four molecules that are permiable to the phospholipid bilayer

A

Small molecules
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Water
Lipid soluable steroids

Human Physiology for Podiatry (13 decks)

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