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CELS191 > The Human Microbiome > Flashcards

The Human Microbiome Flashcards

1
Q

What is microbiota?

A

Individual microbial species in a biome - bacteria, fungi, archaea and viruses

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2
Q

What is the most rapidly changing field in human biology?

A

Human microbiome

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3
Q

What is the aim of the human microbiome project?

A

To characterise microbial communities found at multiple human body sites and to look for correlations between changes in the microbiome and human health

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4
Q

How long was the HMP?

A

5 years

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5
Q

When did the HMP start?

A

2008

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6
Q

How much did the HMP cost?

A

$150 million

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7
Q

What methods were used by the HMP?

A

Culture independent methods of microbial community characterisation (16S and meta genomics) as well as whole genome sequencing of individual bacterial species

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8
Q

What did the HMP sample?

A

The whole body but had emphasis on oral, skin, vaginal, gut and nasal/lung

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9
Q

How many microbial species in the human microbiome?

A

10,000

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10
Q

How many bacterial species in the gut?

A

500-1000

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11
Q

What did the HMP aim to develop?

A

A reference set of microbial genome sequences and to perform preliminary characterisation of the humans microbiome. Also new technologies and tools for computational analysis

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12
Q

What did the HMP aim to explore?

A

The relationship between disease and changes in the human microbiome

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13
Q

What did the human microbiome aim to establish?

A

A resource repository (to share information)

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14
Q

What did the HMP aim to study?

A

The ethical, legal and social implications of human microbiome research

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15
Q

What were the 2 main results of the HMP?

A

Different sites have different microbes and your microbiome is not my microbiome

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16
Q

What is meant by different sites have different microbes?

A

Strong niche specialisation both within and among individuals

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17
Q

What is meant by your microbiome is not my microbiome?

A

Diversity and abundance of each habitats signature microbes vary widely even among healthy subjects

18
Q

What did HMP document?

A

81-99% of the genera, enzyme families and community configurations occupied by the healthy western microbiome

19
Q

What can change?

A

The community but the function doesn’t (as much)

20
Q

What was observed in the results of the HMP?

A

Variations in both pathways and microbes changes with clinical metadata along ethnic/racial differences

21
Q

How many bacterial groups exist?

A

More than 92

22
Q

How many archael groups exist?

A

26

23
Q

How many micro flora dominate human microbial communities?

A

4

24
Q

Which 4 microbes dominate human microbial communities?

A

Firmicutes, bacteriodetes, actinobacteria and proteobacteria

25
Q

How many human associated microbes have eluded colourisation so far?

A

Estimated 20-80%

26
Q

What did different sites have?

A

Different conditions and the differences in microbes reflect this

27
Q

What portion of decal biomass is bacterial cells?

A

50%

28
Q

What are functional foods?

A

Foods claimed to have a health promoting or disease preventing property beyond the basic function of supplying nutrients

29
Q

What are probiotics?

A

Living organisms (fermented foods-yoghurt)

30
Q

What are the most common microbes used as probiotics?

A

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and bifidobacteria

31
Q

What do probiotics do?

A

Survive transit through stomach and duodenum

32
Q

What are the potential benefits of probiotics?

A

Chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases, treatment of pathogen induced diarrhoea and urogenital infections

33
Q

What are probiotics?

A

An ingredient that beneficially nourishes the good bacteria already in the large bowel or colon

34
Q

What do prebiotic do?

A

Stimulate the growth of probiotics

35
Q

What do the prebiotic fibres do?

A

They are not themselves digested by the body, instead, the fibres act as a fertiliser to promote the growth of many of the good bacteria in the gut. These, in turn, provide many digestive and general health benefits

36
Q

What do some prebiotic target?

A

Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli (probiotics stimulate the growth of probiotics)

37
Q

How are probiotics obtained?

A

Mostly from a type of carbohydrate fibre called an oligosaccharide

38
Q

What are good sources of prebiotic?

A

Whole grains, bananas, onions, garlic, honey and artichokes

39
Q

What is used when communities in the human gut go away?

A

Fecal matter transplants

40
Q

What is fecal matter transplantation used for?

A

Multiple recurrences of clostridium difficult infection

CELS191 (23 decks)

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