The Human Organism

Question 1

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Answer 1

study of structure and function of the human body

Question 2

stimuli

Answer 2

how the body responds to changes in the environmental information

Question 3

Anatomy

Answer 3

the scientific discipline that indicates the structure of the body; to dissect, cut apart, or separate. investigates the relationship between structure and function of the human body.

Question 4

2 approaches of anatomy

Answer 4

1. systemic anatomy - studying the structure of the body by system.
2. regional anatomy- studying the structure of the body by parts or by region.

Question 5

2 ways to examine the internal structures of a living person

Answer 5

1. surface anatomy- the study of external structures

2. anatomical imaging- use of x-rays, ultrasounds, and the like.

Question 6

physiology

Answer 6

the scientific discipline that deals with processes or functions of living things

Question 7

human physiology

Answer 7

study of a specific organism—human

Question 8

subdivisions that emphasize specific organization levels

Answer 8

cellular physiology and systemic physiology

Question 9

6 structural levels

Answer 9

chemical, cells, tissues, organ, organ system, organism

Question 10

chemical level

Answer 10

involve how atoms interact and combine to molecules

Question 11

cell level

Answer 11

cells are the basic structural and functional units of organisms. molecules combine to form organelles

Question 12

tissue level

Answer 12

4 types: epithelial, connective, nervous and muscle tissues. a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them.

Question 13

organ level

Answer 13

organ is composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions.

Question 14

organ system level

Answer 14

organ system is a group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions.

Question 15

organism level

Answer 15

organism is anything that is considered as a whole.

Question 16

6 characteristics of life

Answer 16

organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development and reproduction

Question 17

organization

Answer 17

This refers to how individual parts of an organism is interacting and working together.

Question 18

metabolism

Answer 18

This refers to the use of energy to perform vital functions.

Question 19

responsiveness

Answer 19

It refers to the ability to sense changes in the environment and make adjustments that help maintain life.

Question 20

growth

Answer 20

The increase in size of all or a part of an organism.

Question 21

developmental

Answer 21

The changes that an organism undergoes through time. There is a term differentiation which refers to change in cell structure and function–development of cell from a generalized cell to a specialized cell.

Question 22

reproduction

Answer 22

This refers to the formation of new cells or new organisms.

Question 23

homeostasis

Answer 23

refers to the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body despite fluctuations in either the external environment or the internal environment.

Question 24

homeostatic mechanisms

Answer 24

maintain body temperature near an average normal value or set point. ( does not maintain precisely but with in normal range of values)

Question 25

negative feedback

Answer 25

maintains homeostasis. when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted. Negative feedback does not prevent variation but maintains variation within a normal range.

Question 26

components of negative feedback mechanisms

Answer 26

1. receptor- monitors the value of variables 2. control center- determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor. 3. effector- change the value of the variable when directed by the control center

Question 27

positive feedback mechanism

Answer 27

occurs when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response.

Question 28

Comparison of Negative-feedback and Positive-feedback Mechanisms

Answer 28

(a) In negative feedback, the response stops the effector. (b) In positive feedback, the response keeps the reaction going.

Question 29

anatomical position

Answer 29

use to describe the body; standing erect, face forward, eyes, forward, arms hanging on side, palms facing forward, toes forward and feet flat on the floor.

Question 30

supine

Answer 30

lying facing upward

Question 31

prone

Answer 31

lying facing downward

Question 32

right and left

Answer 32

towards the body's right and left side respectively

Question 33

inferior

Answer 33

below

Question 34

superior

Answer 34

above

Question 35

anterior

Answer 35

toward the front

Question 36

posterior

Answer 36

toward the back

Question 37

dorsal

Answer 37

toward the back

Question 38

ventral

Answer 38

toward the belly

Question 39

proximal

Answer 39

close to the body

Question 40

distal

Answer 40

away from the body

Question 41

lateral

Answer 41

away from midline

Question 42

medial

Answer 42

towards the midline

Question 43

superficial

Answer 43

at surface level

Question 44

deep

Answer 44

towards deeper organs

Question 45

cephalic

Answer 45

head area

Question 46

caudal

Answer 46

tail area

Question 47

Regions of the abdomen

Answer 47

right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant and left lower quadrant

Question 48

Regions (9)

Answer 48

epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric, right and left hypochondriac, right and left lumbar, right and left iliac

Question 49

sagittal plane

Answer 49

divides body into left and right

Question 50

transverse plane

Answer 50

divides the body into superior and inferior

Question 51

frontal or coronal plane

Answer 51

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Question 52

Body cavity

Answer 52

1. abdominal cavity- bounded by the diaphragm and the abdominal muscles. 2. thoracic cavity- bounded by the ribs and diaphragm 3. pelvic cavity- surrounded by pelvic bone

Question 53

serous membrane

Answer 53

lines the trunk cavities and cover the organs of these cavities.

Question 54

visceral serous membrane

Answer 54

lines the inner part

Question 55

parietal serous membrane

Answer 55

lines the outer part

Question 56

thoracic cavity: serous membrane lined cavities

Answer 56

1. pericardial cavity- cavity that surrounds the heart | 2. pleural cavity- surrounds the lung

Question 57

abdominal cavity: serous membrane lined cavity

Answer 57

peritoneal cavity located between visceral and parietal peritoneum and contains peritoneal fluid.

Question 58

inflammation

Answer 58

pericarditis- inflammation of pericardium pleurisy- inflammation o pleura peritonitis- inflammation of peritoneum (appendicitis- inflammation of appendix)

Question 59

mesenteries

Answer 59

consist of 2 layers of peritoneum fused together.

Question 60

retroperitoneal organs

Answer 60

found behind the parietal peritoneum-- kidneys, urinary bladder, adrenal glands...