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Anatomy - Yr1 > The Human Skeleton > Flashcards

The Human Skeleton Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

What is the function of the human skeleton ?

A

Support
Protection
Locomotion
Mineral reserve
Haemotopoiesis

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2
Q

How does the skeleton allow us to move ? (Involved in locomotion)

A

Muscles attach to bones using joints
When muscles contract - facilitate movement
Muscles use skeleton as an anchoring point

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3
Q

How does the skeleton act as a mineral reserve

A

90% of the body’s calcium stored as salts within the bones
Phosphates are also stored - within bones

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4
Q

What happens when calcium levels in the bone drop

A

calcium can be released from the skeleton and can when levels are high bones can absorb calcium

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5
Q

How are the bones important for blood cell production

A

Haematopoietic cells eg red blood cells and leukocytes and platelets -> are all produced in bone marrow

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6
Q

Explain bone marrow in children

A

All of the skeleton contains bone marrow - lots of blood cell production
Red one marrow

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7
Q

Explain bone marrow in adults

A

bone marrow is replaced and the red bone marrow is replaced with elbow bone marrow which has a higher adipose or fatty tissue content

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8
Q

Where is red bone marrow present in adults

A

skull, proximal femur and veritable column

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9
Q

What is this ?

A

Functional unit of bone called an osteon

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10
Q

Explain the composition of an osteon ?

A

Made from layers of bone and is almost like layers of tree trunk
Contains circular layers that contain important components

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11
Q

The bone is made up of what two components ?

A

Organic components
Inorganic components

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12
Q

What is the split between organic and inorganic

A

Organic - 30%
Inorganic - 70%

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13
Q

What is the organic comment of town made up of

A

Type 1 collagen

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14
Q

What is the inorganic component of bone made up of

A

Calcium and phosphate salts

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15
Q

What does collagen provide

A

Collagen give tensile strength and allows little bit of bending to occur

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16
Q

What is the role of inorganic component of bone

A

Hard mineral component
Makes bones sturdy and give them compressive strength

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17
Q

What is compressive strength

A

Weight of body passing through bones and squishing it down
Bones are able to withstand because they are hardy + strong

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18
Q

How is collagen organised

A

Fibres that run in opposite directions to each other

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19
Q

How does the organisation of collage aid in function

A

Allows bone to withstand force from different directions

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20
Q

What is within each osteon

A

Blood vessels providing nutrients as well as nerve cells

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21
Q

Why is bone classed as dynamic ?

A

Angle to respond to changes in the environment

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22
Q

How are bones remodelling ?

A

New bone being laid down and old bone is taken away

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23
Q

Which cells take part in bone remodelling ?

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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24
Q

What do osteoblasts do ?

A

Lay down new bone

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25
What do osteoclasts do ?
Break down old bone
26
What is the main function of remodelling ?
Healing
27
What is the fibula ?
Bone in the lower limb in the leg
28
Take out collagen of bone what would happen ?
Only left with hard mineral component - make bones really brittle and it would break
29
Take out inorganic mineral component of bone, what would be left ?
Bone would become very flexible
30
What is rickets
Not enough mineral content in the bone Bone becomes flexible and bendy (overly)
31
What causes rickets
Vitamin d deficiency
32
Explain how vitamin d deficiency causes rickets
Vitamin d is converted into calcitriol - this is needed to absorb calcium from the gut and form hard mineral content of bones
33
What does rickets look like in children
Bones become soft As weight passes through bones - bone bends
34
What is osteogenesis imprefecta
Congenital Genetic disorder which affects collagen production Eg mutation in gene - not as much collagen produced
35
What is the effect of osteogenesis imperfects
Bones become brittle and fracture easily Directly related to composition of the bone
36
What is the diaphysis of the bone
Long tube like Shaft of the bone
37
How many epiphyses are there
2 - one at the bottom and one at the top
38
What is the epiphysis
Articular surfaces for joints Mostly spongy bone but compact on the surface
39
What are two surfaces of the bone
Compact bone Cancellous bone
40
What does cartilage provide
Nice smooth surface
41
What is spongy bone made up of
Interconnecting struts - tend to set in the direction of force
42
What happens to the struts in cancellous (spongy bone) when there’s a force passing through the bone ?
The struts can be remodelled to help direct the force or weight through t he bones
43
What can be found in the middle of diaphysis
An empty space
44
What is the empty space in the diaphysis
Medullary cavity
45
What is found in the medullary cavity and its function
Bone marrow which is involved in blood cell production
46
Where is bone marrow found
Medullary cavity and struts of bone in spongy layer
47
What can you see within epiphysis ?
Epiphyseal line
48
What is the ephiphyseal line
Also known as growth plate This is where our growth occurs in development Separates diaphysis (shaft of bone) from epiphysis
49
When growth is complete what happens to the growth plate
It turns into bone and therefore creates a line -> growth plate has ossified creating epiphyseal line
50
What is the periosteum ?
Covers outer surface of bone Site of attachment for muscle tendons
51
What is the endosteum ?
Lines internal surfaces of cavities within bones
52
Label this picture of a bone
53
Briefly describe bones in thee skull
Flat bones Slightly different as they don’t have medullary cavity
54
Label this
Compact bone
55
Label this
Cancellous bone (diploe)
56
What is diploe ?
With bone marrow
57
What can bone cells not do ?
Cannot divide
58
How does bone grow
By being continuously laid down on top of surface of previous bone
59
What is required for bone growth
A growth plate which is made up of cartilage
60
What is the two ways cartilage can grow
Oppositional growth Interstitial growth
61
What is appositional growth
new surface layers of matrix are added to the pre-existing matrix by new chondroblasts from the perichondrium.
62
Unlike other connective tissue what is cartilage ?
avascular (like epithelia). Cartilage is nourished by long range diffusion from nearby capillaries in the perichondrium
63
What is interstitial growth of cartilae
chondrocytes grow and divide and lay down more matrix inside the existing cartilage. This mainly happens during childhood and adolescence.
64
What is the surface of most cartilage covered by ?
covered by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue called the perichondrium (peri = around).
65
What is Intramembranous Ossification
compact and spongy bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal (undifferentiated) connective tissue.
66
In endrochondral ossification how does the bone develop ?
bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage.
67
What is the role of cartilage in ossification ?
cartilage serves as a template to be completely replaced by new bone.
68
Which bones form via endrochondral ossification
Bones at the base of the skull and long bones form via endochondral ossification.
69
Explain endrochondral ossification
The bone is formed onto a temporary cartilage model. The cartilage model grows then chondrocytes mature (zone of maturation) and growing cartilage model starts to calcify. As this happens, the chondrocytes far from blood vessels, and are less able to gain nutrients etc, -> chondrocytes start to die fragmented calcified matrix left behind acts as structural framework for bony material. Osteoprogenitor cells and blood vessels from periosteum -> proliferate and differentiate into osteoblasts, which start to lay down bone matrix (osteogenic zone)
70
What happens after all cartilage replaced
Diaphysis and epiphysis are replaced
71
How can you classify bones ?
Based on shape
72
What does the shape of the bones tell you
Function of the bone
73
Describe long bones
Longer than they are wide Long diaphysis : shaft
74
What are examples of long bones
Bones of the limb Femur humerus tibia
75
Function of long bones
Tend to be involved in movement and in particular muscle attachment
76
Describe short bones
Similar to long bones Width and length are similar Tend to be cubed in shape
77
What are examples of short bones
Bones of the wrist and ankle - wrist or tarsal bones in the ankle
78
Describe flat bones
Thin and flat and usually curved
79
Describe the function of flat bones
Protective in function
80
Hat are examples of flat bones
Skull sternum scapula and ribs
81
What are irregular bones
Don’t fir in other categories Shape is irregular
82
What are examples of irregular bones
Vertebrae, sternum, scapula and ribs
83
What are sesamoid bones
Small round bones embedded in tendons of muscles Look like sesame seeds
84
What is the function of sesamoid bones
Protect tendons and increase movement
85
What are examples of sesamoid bones
Patella
86
A tendon with a sesamoid bone can lead to what
Increases range of movement at that part
87
How many bones in the human skeleton ?
206
88
How many bones in new borns
270
89
In a child what two things of bones are separated
Diaphysis and epiphysis
90
Why do newborns have more bones than adults
Bones are still growing so parts are separated and will fuse later on
91
With increasing age why can the number of bones decrease
Bones can fuse together with age too Eg first rib to sternum
92
What are bones connected by
Joints
93
What are the 3 types of joints
Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial
94
What are the 3 regions of the Skelton
Axial Appendicular -> upper limb and lower limb
95
What forms part of the axial skeleton
96
What forms part the upper limb
Pectoral girdle Bones of the arms and hands
97
What forms part of the lower limb
Pelvic girdle Bones of the legs/feet
98
What is the appendicular skeleton formed by ?
Appendages
99
What is part of the Skelton that attaches the limb to the rest of the body
Appendicular Skelton
100
What is the most complex part of the Skelton
The skull
101
What is the function of the skull
Houses brain and special sense organs Has a protective function
102
What is the facial skeleton called
The viscerocranium
103
How many bones are in the viscerocranium
14 bones
104
What is the rest of the surrounding Brain excluding facial Skelton called
Neurocranium
105
How many bones are in the neurocranium
8 bones
106
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Anatomy - Yr1 (1 decks)

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