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The Humanistic Approach Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the humanistic approach in psychology often referred to as?

A

The third force in psychology

The other two forces are behaviourism and the psychodynamic approach.

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2
Q

Who are two prominent figures associated with the humanistic approach?

A

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

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3
Q

What did humanistic psychologists criticize about the psychodynamic approach?

A

It focused too much on unconscious mental forces and early childhood

They believed it ignored conscious experience of the here and now.

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4
Q

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs related to?

A

Motivation to achieve progression through the levels

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5
Q

What is a key concept of Carl Rogers’ humanistic psychology?

A

The concept of self and self-acceptance

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6
Q

What can incongruence between self-concept and ideal self lead to?

A

Negative feelings of self-worth

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7
Q

What type of therapy does the humanistic approach promote?

A

Person-centred approach to therapy

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8
Q

What is self-actualisation?

A

Fulfilling one’s potential

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9
Q

What kind of regard does the humanistic approach emphasize?

A

Unconditional positive regard

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10
Q

What is the ideographic approach in psychology?

A

Focus on the subjective experiences, feelings, and thoughts of a person

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11
Q

What assumption does the humanistic approach make about human beings?

A

Each person is a rational and conscious being

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12
Q

What does the humanistic approach say about free will?

A

People have free will and are free to choose what they do

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13
Q

How should humans be viewed according to the humanistic approach?

A

As a whole, not reduced to component parts

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14
Q

Why is a holistic perspective important in humanistic psychology?

A

It considers human behaviour within its real-life context

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15
Q

What is the view of the scientific method in the humanistic approach?

A

It is not a valid way to study human behaviour

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16
Q

True or False: The humanistic approach believes humans are entirely objective in their thoughts and behaviours.

A

False

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17
Q

What is a core assumption of the humanistic approach?

A

Humans are self-determining and have freewill.

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18
Q

How does the humanistic approach differ from other psychological approaches regarding freewill?

A

Other approaches maintain that much of our thought and behavior is determined, limiting our control.

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19
Q

What does the cognitive approach argue about our thoughts?

A

We are free to choose our own thoughts, but this choice is constrained by cognitive limits.

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20
Q

What is an implication of the belief in freewill?

A

A person is responsible for their own behavior, whether social or anti-social.

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21
Q

What constraints on freewill does the humanistic approach acknowledge?

A

Social rules, laws, and morals restrict options available for behavior.

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22
Q

What is the significance of the belief in freewill in humanistic psychology?

A

It acknowledges that individuals can choose from limited options.

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23
Q

What do humanists believe about individuals in terms of their development?

A

Individuals are active agents in determining their own development.

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24
Q

How do humanists view scientific models in psychology?

A

They reject scientific models that establish general principles of behavior.

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25
What do humanists prioritize in their studies?
The subjective experience and uniqueness of the individual.
26
What is self-actualisation?
The attempt to achieve one's full potential and become the best version of oneself.
27
Where does self-actualisation rank in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
It is the highest level.
28
What do humanistic psychologists believe about personal growth?
It is essential for self-actualisation and involves developing and changing.
29
Who are two key figures associated with the concept of self-actualisation?
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
30
What barriers may prevent self-actualisation?
Important physical and psychological barriers.
31
How did Carl Rogers describe children in relation to self-worth?
Children are optimistic by nature and empowered by a strong self-worth.
32
What feeling is associated with achieving self-actualisation?
Ultimate feeling of well-being and satisfaction.
33
What terms are often used to describe the experience of self-actualisation?
Peak experience, religious experience, spiritual experience.
34
Fill in the blank: Self-actualisation is thought to be an intensely strong feeling of _______.
completeness.
35
What is the first characteristic of a fully functioning person according to Rogers?
Is open to experience: Both positive and negative emotions are accepted. ## Footnote Negative feelings are worked through rather than denied.
36
What does it mean to live existentially according to Rogers?
Is in touch with different experiences as they occur in life, avoiding prejudging and preconceptions. ## Footnote This involves living in the moment and appreciating the present.
37
What is meant by trusting feelings in Rogers' theory?
Feelings, instincts and gut-reactions are paid attention to and trusted. ## Footnote The individual regards their own decisions as correct.
38
What role does creativity play in Rogers' concept of a fully functioning person?
Creative thinking and risk taking are key features. ## Footnote This involves the ability to adjust and seek new experiences.
39
What defines a fulfilled life in Rogers' theory?
The person is happy and satisfied with life and is open to new challenges and experiences.
40
According to Rogers, what is the ideal state for a person to achieve?
To be fully functioning.
41
How does Rogers view the process of becoming fully functioning?
As a lifelong process of changing to help an individual realize their full potential.
42
True or False: Rogers believed that becoming a fully functioning person is attainable for most individuals.
False.
43
Fill in the blank: Rogers felt that to reach self-actualisation, a person must be _______.
[fully functioning]
44
What are the five characteristics of a fully functioning person according to Rogers?
* Is open to experience * Lives existentially * Trusts feelings * Is creative * Has a fulfilled life
45
What are key features of a person's life according to the text?
Risk taking and openness to new experiences ## Footnote These features contribute to being happy and satisfied with life.
46
What is the primary goal of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Self-actualisation ## Footnote Self-actualisation is considered a growth need.
47
What are the two types of needs in Maslow's hierarchy?
Deficiency needs and growth needs ## Footnote Self-actualisation is categorized as a growth need.
48
What are the basic needs at the bottom of Maslow's hierarchy?
Physiological needs ## Footnote These needs must be met before higher-level needs can be addressed.
49
What needs are at the top of Maslow's hierarchy before self-actualisation?
Self-esteem needs ## Footnote Self-esteem needs must be fulfilled to move towards self-actualisation.
50
What must happen before an individual can move to the next stage in Maslow's hierarchy?
Each stage must be successfully achieved ## Footnote This indicates a progression through the hierarchy.
51
What does Maslow suggest about life experiences?
Life is characterized by peak experiences ## Footnote These are moments of great achievement or elation when deficiency needs are satisfied.
52
True or False: Self-actualisation is a permanent state.
False ## Footnote If lower levels of needs are not met, an individual ceases to be self-actualised.
53
What develops during childhood according to Carl Rogers?
The concept of self develops during childhood ## Footnote This includes awareness of identity, personality, characteristics, likes, and dislikes.
54
What are the three selves in Rogers' theory that need to integrate for self-actualisation?
* The self-concept * The ideal self * The real self
55
Define the self-concept in Rogers' theory.
The person you perceive yourself to be, based on life experiences ## Footnote It significantly impacts self-esteem and behavior.
56
What is the ideal self according to Carl Rogers?
The person you wish to be, consisting of your goals and ambitions ## Footnote It is dynamic and changes over time.
57
What does the real self represent in Rogers' theory?
The person you actually are, including your skills, abilities, and limitations ## Footnote It differs from self-concept and ideal self.
58
What is necessary for achieving self-actualisation according to Rogers?
Congruence between the ideal self, real self, and self-concept ## Footnote Many do not realize their full potential due to difficulty in achieving congruence.
59
What is congruence in Rogers' theory?
The state where the ideal self, real self, and self-concept are similar ## Footnote It is essential for self-actualisation.
60
What can help an individual achieve congruence?
Developing an accurate view of self-concept and having a realistic ideal self ## Footnote Unconditional positive regard from a therapist can facilitate this.
61
What is the impact of low self-esteem on self-concept?
It leads to a negative self-concept and a distorted view of capabilities ## Footnote This affects how individuals think, feel, and behave.
62
True or False: Self-actualisation is possible when self-concept is similar to ideal self and real self.
True
63
Fill in the blank: The _______ self is the person you wish to be.
ideal
64
Fill in the blank: The _______ self is the person you actually are.
real
65
What can lead to a better understanding of the real self?
Engaging in person-centered therapy ## Footnote This is especially important if unconditional positive regard was lacking in childhood.
66
What is unconditional positive regard according to Rogers?
Unconditional love essential for developing a well-adjusted adult ## Footnote It should ideally come from the mother but can also come from other family members, friends, partners, or therapists.
67
What issues can arise from a lack of unconditional positive regard?
Feelings of worthlessness and low self-esteem ## Footnote These feelings can stem from conditions of worth imposed by parents.
68
What are conditions of worth?
Requirements set by parents for love and acceptance ## Footnote These can be real or perceived and prevent self-actualization.
69
Give an example of conditions of worth in children.
A child feeling they need to achieve high grades for parental acceptance ## Footnote This can be communicated directly or indirectly.
70
What is person-centered therapy?
A therapeutic approach developed by Carl Rogers focusing on individual congruence ## Footnote It emphasizes the individual's expertise on their own thoughts and feelings.
71
What are the key elements a therapist should provide according to Rogers?
* Genuineness * Empathy * Unconditional positive regard
72
What is the aim of Rogerian therapy?
To increase self-worth, reduce incongruence, and help individuals become fully functioning ## Footnote It helps clients achieve self-actualization.
73
How did the humanistic approach influence counseling psychology?
Introduced client-centered therapy and emphasized a supportive therapeutic atmosphere ## Footnote This approach became popular in various fields including education and health.
74
What is a limitation of the humanistic approach?
Criticism for rejecting scientific methods and lack of objective evidence ## Footnote Its focus on subjective experience makes it difficult to test.
75
What is a strength of the humanistic approach?
It contributed significantly to psychology by promoting personal responsibility ## Footnote Concepts like self-actualization and Maslow's hierarchy of needs have been influential.
76
What evidence supports the effectiveness of client-centered therapy?
Studies such as Sexton & Whiston (1994) indicate success in treating anxiety ## Footnote Its increased popularity suggests practical applications and some validity.
77
True or False: The humanistic approach uses experimental methods to support its claims.
False ## Footnote It emphasizes subjective methods over objective scientific methodology.
78
Fill in the blank: Carl Rogers referred to individuals in therapy as _______.
clients
79
What is the significance of the client-therapist relationship in person-centered therapy?
It allows clients to express themselves without judgment ## Footnote This helps identify barriers to congruence.
80
What was a decline in the popularity of the humanistic approach attributed to?
The focus on psychology as a science ## Footnote However, its influence has been gaining again since the 1990s.
81
How does the humanistic approach view individuals in terms of their development?
As active agents able to change and determine their own development ## Footnote This is a contrasting viewpoint to other psychological approaches.

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