The Hydrosphere

Question 1

Why does water flow?

Answer 1

Water molecules are attracted to eachother and form hydrogen bonds

Question 2

Does gas have hydrogen bonds?

Answer 2

No

Question 3

Where are the hydrogen bonds in a liquid?

Answer 3

Between molecules

Question 4

Where are the hydrogen bonds in a solid?

Answer 4

Between molecules helping a lattice structure form

Question 5

What forms of water does the hydrosphere contain?

Answer 5

Solid, liquid and vapour

Question 6

Define Precipitation

Answer 6

Condensation of atmospheric water vapour that then falls to earths surface

Question 7

Define Interception

Answer 7

Precipitation that does not reach the ground because it lands on vegetation

Question 8

Define Infiltration

Answer 8

Surface water enters the ground between soil and rock particles

Question 9

Define Percolation

Answer 9

Further movement of water between soil and rock particles

Question 10

Define Groundwater Flow

Answer 10

Movement of water through pore spaces in permeable rocks

Question 11

Define Runoff

Answer 11

Water flowing over the surface of the ground

Question 12

Define Evapouration

Answer 12

Water changing from liquid to a gas as hydrogen bonds are broken

Question 13

Define Transpiration

Answer 13

The evaporation of water from the leaves of plants through stomata

Question 14

Define River Channel Discharge

Answer 14

The volume of water flowing past a particular point

Question 15

What are three properties of water?

Answer 15

It’s a physiological solvent
Does Anomalus Expansion
Has a high heat capacity

Question 16

Explain water being a physiological solvent (3)

Answer 16

Reactions occur with dilutes dissolved in water
Materials transported in blood/sap dissolved
Dissolved oxygen allows aquatic life to survive

Question 17

Explain Anomalus Expansion

Answer 17

Waters highest density is 4 degrees therefore ice is less dense than water and floats.
Ice insulates the water underneath so aquatic life can survive

Question 18

Explain water having a high heat capacity

Answer 18

Water heats up and cools down slowly

This helps climatic stability by moderating temp. change

Question 19

What is Residence Time?

Answer 19

The average length of time water stays in a reservoir

Question 20

What does knowing Residence Time help with?

Answer 20

Sustainable management of water resources

Question 21

How is Residence Time calculated?

Answer 21

Volume/mean transfer rate

Question 22

What are the two sources of energy driving the hydrological cycle?

Answer 22

Solar and GP/Kinetic Energy

Question 23

What are inputs of the hydrological cycle?

Answer 23

Precipitation

Question 24

What are the throughflows of the hydrological cycle? (5)

Answer 24

Interception 
Infiltration 
Percolation
Run Off
Groundwater Flow

Question 25

What are the outputs of the hydrological cycle? (3)

Answer 25

Evaporation Transpiration River Channel Discharge

Question 26

What are non-abstractive uses of water? (4)

Answer 26

Transport Recreational Energy Wildlife Conservation

Question 27

What are abstractive uses of water? (4)

Answer 27

Domestic Industrial Agriculture Recreational

Question 28

What does how much water is purified depend on?

Answer 28

What the water is going to be used for

Question 29

What is physical criteria of assessing water quality? (1)

Answer 29

Turbidy - suspended solids make water look cloudy and affects taste

Question 30

What is biological criteria of assessing water quality? (1)

Answer 30

E.coli Abundance - gut bacterium found in sewage contamination

Question 31

What is chemical criteria of assessing water quality? (6)

Answer 31

pH - 6.5-8.5 range Calcium - makes water 'hard' Pesticide Concentration Heavy Metal Concentration - can damage nervous system Dissolved Oxygen - musty smell Chlorine retention - to keep water sterile

Question 32

What does the quality of domestic water have to be like? (5)

Answer 32

``` No pathogens Low turbidity No taste/odour No heavy metals No pesticides ```

Question 33

What does the quality of industrial water have to be like? (2)

Answer 33

No large suspended particles | Right pH

Question 34

What does the quality of agricultural water have to be like? (6)

Answer 34

``` Sediments is okay Non-toxic pH levels No herbicides No heavy metals No pathogens ```

Question 35

What does the quality of HEP water have to be like? (2)

Answer 35

No large objects | Any water quality okay

Question 36

What are two ways to desalinise seawater?

Answer 36

``` Distillation (water boiled) Reverse osmosis (seawater forced through membrane) ```

Question 37

What's the advantages of desalinising seawater?

Answer 37

Provides water in arid regions - improves lifestyle and allows people to produce food

Question 38

What are the disadvantages of desalinising seawater?

Answer 38

Very expensive | Have to have good access to seawater

Question 39

What are sources of water? (4)

Answer 39

Reservoirs Aquifers Rivers Seawater

Question 40

What are factors to consider to reduce costs/make it viable when constructing a reservoir? (4)

Answer 40

Climate Topography Geology Catchment area

Question 41

Factors to consider when siting a reservoir (5)

Answer 41

``` Reliable/regular river flow No important existing land uses No high risk activities in area Low sediment load in inflow water Availability of supplies/workers ```

Question 42

What's an aquifer?

Answer 42

An underground rock structure from which water is/can be extracted

Question 43

What's the difference between a reservoir and an aquifer?

Answer 43

Reservoir is just a general name for a storage location of any material

Question 44

What is Permeable rock?

Answer 44

Rock which allows water to pass though

Question 45

What are the two types of permeable rock? Explain and give example

Answer 45

Porous - eg Sandstone/Chalk | Pervious - water flows through joints e.g Limestone

Question 46

What is impermeable rock?

Answer 46

Rock that doesn't allow water to pass though eg. Granite

Question 47

Define Porosity

Answer 47

Measure of the volume of a rock which is space and therefore may hold fluids

Question 48

Define permeability

Answer 48

The ease at which fluids may through the through rock

Question 49

What is needed below an aquifer? Why?

Answer 49

An impermeable rock - to prevent the escape of water

Question 50

What is an Artisian Well?

Answer 50

Where water is under pressure and flows to the water table naturally

Question 51

What is a Flowing Artisian Well?

Answer 51

When water reaches the ground surface due to natural pressure from the aquifer

Question 52

What is the Piezometric Surface?

Answer 52

The Water Table

Question 53

What is the Phreatic Level?

Answer 53

The Spring Line

Question 54

What are the two types of aquifer? Explain each

Answer 54

Confined - impermeable rock above and below aquifer | Unconfined - impermeable rock just blow below aquifer

Question 55

What could cause the water table to lower/the well to dry up?

Answer 55

If water is pumped from the well faster than its replenished

Question 56

What's an Aquitard?

Answer 56

A bed of low permeability along an aquifer

Question 57

What are consequences of aquifer overuse? (5)

Answer 57

``` Reduced supplies Subsidence Changes to surface hydrology Ecological impacts Saltwater incursion/intrusion ```

Question 58

What are the advantages of groundwater use? (4)

Answer 58

Less impact on environment No cost Evaporation reduced Pollution reduced (natural filtering through rocks)

Question 59

What are the disadvantages of groundwater use? (6)

Answer 59

``` Needs time to recharge Lowers natural water table Increased risk of saline intrusion Subsidence Wetlands/marches dry up Wildlife changes ```

Question 60

What are the causes of demand increase? (3)

Answer 60

Population growth Changing living standards Industrialisation

Question 61

Why is artificial recharge?

Answer 61

Diverting rivers or pumping more water into it