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Water Resources - Exam 3 > The Hydrosphere & Open Channel > Flashcards

The Hydrosphere & Open Channel Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

Hydrosphere

A

in the stream, runoff is the integrator of all factors which affect quantity, quality, and regimen, and is one of the factors of watershed ecology itself

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2
Q

Streams/Rivers

A

flow downhill due to gravity, encounters resistance along the way

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3
Q

Stream/River Resistance

A

changes in slope, rocks, roughness, bends

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4
Q

Miles of Stream in PA

A

86,000 miles

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5
Q

Bodies of Water

A

river (big), stream (small), brooke (airrated), run, creek, crick, branch, fork; get written into laws, regional, some states have definitions on them

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6
Q

Pond vs Lake

A

pond (smaller), lake (bigger)

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7
Q

Thalwag

A

deepest part of the channel

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8
Q

Stream Order

A

classification of drainage network (n)

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9
Q

1st Order

A

top of stream drainage system

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10
Q

2nd Order

A

second stream in drainage system

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11
Q

When Stream Order is Useful

A

if streams of same order have common features are proportional to “n”

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12
Q

Bifurcation Ratio

A

(Rb) = N n / N n+1

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13
Q

Law of Stream Numbers

A

relates the number of streams of order I (Ni) to the bifurcation ratio and the principle stream order (k)

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14
Q

Law of Stream Number Equation

A

Ni = Rb^k-1

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15
Q

Stream Patterns

A

bends, riffles, pools, meander

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16
Q

Sinuous

A

has many curves and bends; winding

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17
Q

Sinuousity

A

how far the body of water travels; stream length/valley length

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18
Q

Straightening a Body of Water (development)

A

increases velocity, increases slope, more erosion, would want to go back to original form

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19
Q

Sinuous Range

A

1.0 to 1.5

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20
Q

Meandering Range

A

1.5 to 2.1

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21
Q

“Tortuous” Range

A

> 2.1

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22
Q

Drainage Density

A

Dd=L/A
miles/square miles

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23
Q

Velocity of Channel

A

speed (ft/sec; length/time); constantly changes

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24
Q

Slowest Velocity of Channel

A

on edge; Eddy Current

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25
Fastest Velocity of Channel
on top in the middle where it is the deepest
26
No Slip of Channel
along the bottom; slow
27
Riffles
increase velocity; more sediment picked up
28
Pools
decrease velocity; sediment settles
29
Flow Meter
quantify the rate or volume of moving water
30
Gaging Station
censor in water measuring pressure (depth)
31
Weirs
inline damn and measure depth crossing
32
Stilling Basin
provides a means to absorb or dissipate the energy from the spillway discharge and protects the spillway area from erosion and undermining
33
Water Surface
open to atmosphere, no pressure; deeper you go, more pressure
34
Water Gains Energy Through
potential and kinetic
35
Potential Energy
comes from depth
36
Kinetic Energy
comes from velocity
37
Energy Grade Line
elevation of energy head of water flowing in channel; can't see it, stays constant above the surface
38
Velocity
characteristic of the flow, measure of water's kinetic energy; units: ft/sec
39
Velocity Head
V^2/2g (height/depth) g= 32.2 units: (ft/sec)^2 / ft/sec^2 = ft
40
Pool getting a hole in the side
4ft deep pool (potential) rushes out hold (kinetic); gains velocity
41
Slow Stream Meets Fast Stream
slow stream gains more energy (speed); slow stream increases in energy to meet the fast stream; back flow
42
Back Flow
slow stream keeps picking up speed back up in the stream
43
Headloss
something that slows the flow down; backs up water
44
Headloss Causes
old, corroded, gunk filled pipes; rocks and rough bottom of stream
45
Manning's Equation
V= (1.49/n)*R^2/3*S^1/2
46
Optimal Channel Shape
semi circle; hard to create
47
Common Channel Shape Used
trapezoids; easier to make
48
V
velocity
49
n
measure of roughness; friction encountered
50
S
slope of energy grade line
51
R
hydrolic radius; A/P (area/perimeter)
52
Slope
ft/ft (rise/run); 100%=45 degree angle
53
n vs V
increase n = decrease V decrease n = increase V
54
S vs V
increase S = increase V decrease S = decrease V
55
Streamflow Equation
Q=AV
56
Relative Values of n
0.03 or 0.035 (average) cast iron pipe: 0.015 poor natural channel: 0.06 stones & weeds: 0.035
57
Rectangle Channel
Q=AV (Q=b*h*V)
58
Trapezoid Channel
A = 2 triangles + 1 rectangle A = 2(1/2)bh + wh Q=AV
59
Industry Standard
give ratio of triangle angle 1:2 (out 1, up 2)
60
Streamflow
measure of the watershed response; very nearly a direct measure; may miss the groundwater response on smaller basins; on large basins, groundwater may be hard to estimate during runoff event
61
CSM
flow per square mile (average daily/area); useful for basin comparisons; get them on USGS
62
Routing
technique used to predict changes in shape of hydrograph as water moves through a channel
63
Effects on Timing
not all areas contribute to the stream at the same time or place
64
Flow Entering Stream
must travel downstream; takes time and must fill storage areas
65
Timing Effect on Hydrograph
curve occurs later downstream; curve is not as steep and longer; some water moves faster than others, attenuation, geology
66
Attenuation
reduction of speed; due to storage, geology, blockages
67
Lag Time of Flow Depends on
velocity, slope, distance
68
Downstream of Levy
get water faster than before having levy
69
Eminent Domain
private land taken by gov to make dams and other things; paid compensation

Water Resources - Exam 3 (1 decks)

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