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yr 2 Other Endocrine Conditions > The hypothalamus, Pituitary and Thyroid glands > Flashcards

The hypothalamus, Pituitary and Thyroid glands Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the pituitary gland do

A

Secretes hormones that control other glands and tissues

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2
Q

What does the pineal gland do

A

Produces melatonin (sleep)

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3
Q

How is the Posterior pituitary controlled/ What is it made of

A

By neural pathways - made of nerve tissue

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4
Q

How is the Anterior pituitary controlled/ What is it made of

A

By Vascular link - made of glandular epithelial tissue

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5
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary release

A

Oxytocin
Anti-diuretic hormone (Vassopressin)

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6
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary release

A

GH
ACTH
TSH
FSH and LH
PRL

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7
Q

Role of oxytocin

A

Contractions
Breast feeding
Social behaviours

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8
Q

Role of vasopressin

A

ADH
Binds to V2 causing increase in water permeability in distal tubule and collecting ducts
Therefore retention of water by nephrons

Can also bind to V1 causing increase in vasoconstriction

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9
Q

What is diabetes Insipidus

A

Lack of vasopressin
Causes thirst and urination

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10
Q

How is diabetes insipidus treated

A

Vasopressin injection
or
desmopressin tab/nasal spray (no v2 effects)

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11
Q

What is the 3 hormone sequence

A

Hormones from hypothalamus cause hormones from pituitary cause hormones from other tissues/organs.

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12
Q

What is the Hypothalamic Pituitary Portal System?

A

Direct capillary to capillary bed hormones can travel through
Unique vascular link

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13
Q

How is growth hormone released?

A

GHRH from hypothalamus binds to somatotroph cells causing GH release.

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14
Q

What does GH do

A

Doesn’t stimulate tissues directly- causes IGF release.
Increases synthesis of proteins
Lengthens bones
Increases size and number of cells in tissues

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15
Q

What is treatment for GH deficiency?

A

Somatotropin

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16
Q

What is treatment for excess of GH?

A

Surgery
Somatostatins

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17
Q

What part of the adrenal gland releases aldosterone (salt)

A

Zona glomerulosa

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18
Q

What part of the adrenal gland releases glucocorticoids (cortisol) and corticosteroids (sugar)

A

Zona fasciculata

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19
Q

What part of the adrenal gland releases Androgens (sex)

A

Zona reticularis

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20
Q

What is cholesterol turned into to form steroids?

A

Pregnenelone

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21
Q

give an example of a mineralocorticoid

A

Aldosterone

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22
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Acts on distal tubule and collecting ducts in kidney
Causes SODIUM resorption- induces water retention
Increases Potassium excretion
Can increase BP

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23
Q

What increases aldosterone secretion?

A

Activation of renin angiotensin aldosterone system
Stimulation of adrenal cortex by increasing conc. of Potassium

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24
Q

Give an example of a glucocorticoid

25
what does cortisol do?
Increases blood glucose concentration by breaking down protein & fat stores - Causes gluconeogenesis - Inhibits tissues from glucose uptake - Stimulates protein breakdown in muscles - Stimulates lipolysis in adipose tissues
26
In relation to the immune system, what does cortisol do?
Anti-inflammatory effects - Inhibits inflammatory causing cytokines, phagocytosis, fibroblast proliferation - Therefore corticosteroids for inflammatory diseases as immunosuppressive
27
What causes release of cortisol?
CRF from hypo causes ACTH from pituitary causing cortisol release.
28
What is Conn's syndrome?
Aldosterone hypersecretion
29
What can Conn's syndrome cause?
HYPERnatraemia, HYPOkalaemia, HIGH BP
30
What treatment for Conn's syndrome? (high aldosterone)
Surgery for tumour Spironolactone
31
What is Cushing's syndrome?
Hypersecretion of cortisol
32
What causes Cushing's syndrome (hypersecretion of cortisol?)
Excess CRH from hypo. or ACTH Tumours
33
What are symptoms of Cushing's syndrome?
HYPERglycaemia Abnormal fat distribution Thin skin HT Osteoporosis Tiredness and weakness
34
Treatments for Cushing's syndrome? (ket)
Surgery for tumours Corticosteroid inhibitors (metyrapone, ketaconazole, trilostane)
35
What is Addisons disease?
Cortisol AND aldosterone deficiency
36
What is addisons disease caused by?
Atrophy of adrenal cortex (damage/ wasting away)
37
What symptoms exist with addisonian crisis?
vomiting, abdominal pain, weakness, hypotension, coma
38
Treatments for addisons disease and addisonian crisis?
Lifelong steroids Hydrocortisone- 20-30mg a day to replace cortisol Fludrocortisone- 50-300mcg a day to replace aldosterone For addisonian crisis- IV hydrocortisone 100mg every 6hrs
39
What hormones does the thyroid release?
T3 and T4 Calcitonin
40
How is T4 converted to T3?
by De-iodinases
41
Role of thyroid hormone?
Increases basal metabolic rate Increases heat production Stimulates GH and IGF-1 secretion for normal growth
42
How is thyroid Hormone made?
Iodide ions transported into follicle cells Iodide ions oxidised to iodine by perioxidase
43
What is Thyroglobulin
Large glycoprotein forming colloid in follicle lumen Lots of tyrosine
44
What are T3 AND T4 controlled by
TSH - from anterior pituitary
45
How does TSH control T3 AND T4 levels?
TSH binds to cAMP coupled receptors and stimulates iodine uptake.
46
What can result from thyroid dysfunction?
Goitre, hoarse voice, sore throat, swallowing difficulty Usually associated with cancer
47
Treatments for thyroid cancer
Surgery Chemo- doxorubicin or cisplatin Or targeted chemo eg: vandetinib/ carbozantinib
48
What can cause primary hypothyroidism?
Treatment for hyperthyroidism Lack of dietary iodine Low levels of TSH
49
What is hashimotos syndrome?
Body makes antibodies to thyroglobin and causes primary hypothyroidism
50
What can cause secondary hypothyroidism?
Low levels of TSH
51
What is myxoedema coma
Complication of chronic thyroid hormone deficiency
52
How can you diagnose hypothyroidism?
Thyroid function test (TFTs)
53
What are the TSH and T3&T4 levels for hypothyroidsim?
LOW T3 and T4, HIGH TSH
54
What are the TSH and T3&T4 levels for hyperthyroidism?
HIGH T3 and T4, LOW TSH
55
Treatment for Hypothyroidism
Levothyroxine (50-100mcg in morning) Empty stomach Liothyronine for severe/coma Iodine for deficiency
56
What is Graves disease?
Hyperthyroidism Body makes thyroid stimulating antibodies, which mimic TSH Tumours can also cause it
57
What can hyperthyroidism cause?
Bulging eyes Swollen eyelids Higher metabolic rate (sweating, palpitations, weight loss) diplopia
58
What are the treatments for hyperthyroidism
Carbimazole Removal of thyroid and treatment for hypo (levo)

yr 2 Other Endocrine Conditions (6 decks)

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