The Iliad: Book 16 Flashcards
World of the Hero (MSD) (12 cards)
Summary
Patroclus begs Achilles to let him fight, wearing Achilles’ armour.
Achilles agrees, but warns him not to pursue the Trojans too far.
Patroclus drives the Trojans back, even killing Sarpedon, Zeus’ son.
Patroclus ignores Achilles’ warning, and is killed by Hector.
His death is a turning point, motivating Achilles to return to battle.
What major structural event defines Book 16?
It marks a climactic turn—Patroclus enters the battle, fights bravely, and dies, shifting the course of the narrative.
How is Sarpedon’s death described symbolically?
It’s compared to a falling tree, a simile that symbolises noble and tragic death.
How is foreshadowing used in Book 16?
Patroclus exceeds Achilles’ instructions, a sign of hubris that foreshadows his downfall.
What is the central narrative irony in this book?
Achilles’ armour, meant to protect, ends up causing confusion in battle—it protects no one, and Patroclus dies wearing it.
How does Patroclus attempt to gain kleos in Book 16?
By fighting in Achilles’ place, he earns short-lived kleos and tries to uphold Achilles’ honour.
What does the death of Sarpedon and Patroclus highlight about the heroic world?
It shows the brutal inevitability of mortality, even for the noblest warriors.
How does Patroclus’ death affect Achilles?
It triggers Achilles’ menis (wrath), setting the stage for his vengeful return to battle.
What effect does Patroclus’ death have on Hector’s reputation?
Hector is credited with the kill, which boosts his kleos and heroic standing.
How is Zeus’ role in Sarpedon’s death significant?
Zeus reluctantly allows his son Sarpedon to die, showing the power of fate even over gods.
How is the bond between Achilles and Patroclus portrayed in Book 16?
Their deep friendship intensifies the emotional impact of Patroclus’ death and Achilles’ grief.
What cultural practice begins to gain importance in this book?
One of the main themes, which reflects heroic ideals of honour in death, is the recovery of bodies for appropriate funeral rites.
