The Immune System Flashcards
1
Q
Most numerous leukocyte in the blood
A
neutrophils (55%)
2
Q
Serve as phagocyte in (predominant) early inflammation, and then die 1-2 days later
A
neutrophils (polymorphonuclear neutrophils - PMNs)
3
Q
Ingest (phagocyte) antigen-antibody complexes and VIRUSES
Release cytokines and leukotrienes that augment inflammatory response
Increase the type I hypersensitivity reaction
Increase and attack parasitic infections
A
eosinophils
4
Q
Basophils contain what? what does this do? what else do basophils do? contribute to? increase at the site of?
A
- contain histamine
- increase at the site of allergic inflammatory reactions and parasitic infection, particularly exoparasites (ticks)
-contribute to the local inflammatory response
5
Q
what are the central cells in inflammation?
A
mast cells - these are very similar to basophils
- contain IgE receptors
- not blood cells, rather in the tissues
- also contain histamine that increase permeability of blood vessels and smooth m. contraction
- histamine can cause vasodilation and vasoconstriction
6
Q
are the MAJOR cells of the immune system (35%) include what?
A
lymphocytes (mature T, B, and plasma cells)
7
Q
lymphocyte-like cells
A
NK cells
8
Q
kill tumor cells and virally infected cells - recognize infected cells and tumors by changes in MHC I
also do not have to be induced by antigens
A
Natural killer cells
9
Q
natural killer cells kill what? what else? NK cells are considered innate or adaptive?
A
kill tumor cells and virally infected cells
do not have to be induced by antigens
innate
10
Q
provide the main line of defense against bacteria in the bloodstream?
A
monocytes and macrophages
11
Q
precursor to macrophages and dendritic cells
A
monocytes
12
Q
predominant phagocyte late in the inflammatory response
A
monocytes/macrophages
13
Q
major “antigen-processing” and antigen-presenting cells that initiate the immune response?
also another that aren’t “major” that do the same thing
A
macrophages - major
dendritic cells
14
Q
B cells are produced in the _____ and then migrate to the ______
A
B cells can actually mature in both the BM and the lymph nodes
Plasma cells that come from activation of B-lymphocytes produce antibodies
15
Q
Located in mediastinal area, and secretes a group of hormones that enable lymphocytes to develop into mature T cells
A
thymus
16
Q
largest lymphatic organ
A
spleen - macrophages here clear cell debris and process hemoglobin
17
Q
consist of lymphoid tissue and produce lymphocytes
A
tonsils
18
Q
Immune system 1st, 2nd, 3rd lines of defense?
A
1st line - INNATE/Native immunity
-natural barriers: skin and mucous membranes
2nd line - INFLAMMATION
3rd line - Adaptive (acquired immunity)
19
Q
Group of glycoproteins that kill viruses and in general activates macrophages
*other notes say DO NOT DIRECTLY kill - rather PROTECT against viruses but prevent them from infecting additional healthy cells
A
INTERFERON - produced and released by virally infected host cells
20
Q
Enzyme precursors when activated, undergo cascading chain rxn conversions
A
complement
21
Q
enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promote inflammation, and attack the pathogen’s cell membrane can destroy pathogens directly
A
complement system (part of innate immunity)
*leukocyte chemotaxis; opsonization; cell lysis
22
Q
causes dilation of blood vessels, pain, smooth muscle contraction, vascular permeability, & leukocyte chemotaxis
A
kinin system
kin to histamine
23
Q
kinin system
A
(vascular dilation and permeability)
causes dilation of blood vessels, pain, smooth muscle contraction, vascular permeability, & leukocyte chemotaxis
24
Q
enhance the acquired immune response but are part of the innate immune system
*produced primarily by?
A
Interleukins - stimulate the proliferation and maturation of lymphocytes
*produced primarily by macrophages and lymphocytes
25
interleukins
enhance the acquired immune response but are part of the innate immune system
stimulate the proliferation and maturation of lymphocytes
Do NOT DIRECTLY kill viruses but prevent them from infecting additional healthy cells
26
can cause death with gram negative sepsis. What other things can it do? what is it secreted by?
TNF - stimulates acute inflammation and can result in s/s of shock
* act as pyrogen to create fever
* muscle wasting (cachexia)
* proinflammatory
*secreted by macrophages in response to PAMP and TLR recognition
27
General term to signify a protein hormone that affects the function of cells lying near the cell of origin
Which are included?
Can be inflammatory or anti-inflammatory
Synergistic or antagonistic
Cytokines (ITT)
-Interleukins: enhance acquired immunity
- Interferons (IFN): protect against viral infections. do not directly kill, but preventing them from infecting additional healthy cells
- TNF-Alpha: death w/gram neg sepsis. can cause shock
28
attract leukocytes to site of inflammation (chemotaxis)
chemokines
29
Mast cell synthesis of mediators...which mediators?
leukotrienes, PGs, platelet-activating factor
30
similar effects to histamine in later stages - longer and slower response than histamine
* s. muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability
* produced by mast cells
Leukotrienes
| tries to be like histamine
31
remember that histamine can cause both _____ and ______
vasodilation and vasoconstriction
32
similar effect as leukotrienes, but also induce pain...produced by mast cells
PGs
*aspirin and other NSAIDS block synthesis of this
33
cause endothelial cell retraction to increase vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, and platelet activation...produced by mast cells
Platelet-activating factor
34
vasoactive amine that causes temporary, rapid constriction of the large blood vessels and the dilation of the post-capillary venules
also causes retraction of endothelial cells lining the capillaries
histamine
35
H1 receptor where are they located? what happens?
proinflammatory
- located on smooth muscle cells
- especially in the bronchi and causes bronchoconstriction when stimulated
36
H2 receptor where are they located? what happens?
anti-inflammatory
| -abundant on parietal cells of stomach acid and induces secretion of gastric acid
37
first immune response to injury
inflammatory response - second line of defense
38
see chart neutrophils vs mono/macrophages slide 33
...
39
Plasma protein system that provides a biochemical barrier against invading pathogens
- complement system
- coagulation system: prevents spread of infection from site (mostly fibrin)
- kinin system
*interactions among the three plasma protein systems is finely regulated to prevent injury to host tissue and to guarantee activation when needed
40
______ close to the vessel contain ________ -the most important activator of inflammation
tissue
| mast cells
41
______ in the tissues. These cells connect the innate and adaptive immune response
dendritic cells
42
how is the inflammatory response initiated...think molecular pathogen
the inflammatory response is initiated when tissue injury occurs or when PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns are recognized by PRRs (pattern recognition receptors) on cells of the innate immune system
PRR is the same thing as toll-like receptors
43
regulate innate or adaptive resistance by affecting other neighboring cells
*are either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory
chemokines or cytokines
44
release a number of mediators that promote and control inflammation - degranulation of serotonin release (acts like histamine)
platelets
45
acute inflammation causes?
heat, swelling, redness, pain (pressure exudate, PG, bradykinin)
heat and redness d/t vasodilation and increased blood flow through injured sites
46
leukocytosis is a manifestation of acute inflammation - what causes left shift?
more immature neutrophils present
47
what is considered chronic inflammation?
inflammation lasting 2 weeks or longer
48
neonates have transiently depressed ______ and _______ function
inflammatory and immune
49
adaptive immunity is...
specific
50
B lymphocytes are responsible for
humoral immunity that is mediated by circulating antibodies
51
T lymphocytes are responsible for
cell-mediated immunity
52
Humoral immunity produces immunoglobulins (antibodies) by...
activating B cells and creating plasma cells that produce antibodies
antibodies bind to antigens on bacteria and viruses
53
Cellular immunity...
T cells (control of intracellular pathogens)
- kill target directly
- stimulate other leukocytes
54
Both humoral and cellular immunity produce? Both interact.
memory cells
55
epitope
antigenic determinant - the part of the antigen that is recognized by the immune system
56
paratope
A paratope, also called an antigen-binding site, is a part of an antibody which recognizes and binds to an antigen
57
_____ are small molecules that elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein; the carrier may be one that also does not elicit an immune response by itself.
haptens
58
antigens that induce allergic rxn
allergens
59
Classes of antibodies
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD
| GAMED
60
Dominant immunoglobulin in secretory (mucosal) immune system
IgA
*secretory piece may function to protect IgAs against enzyme degradation in the secretions
61
IgA which two? Does what?
o IgA – IgA1 = found
in blood, IgA2 = found in bodily secretions. Defends against pathogens on body surfaces (resp. & GI). Dominant immunoglobulin in secretory (mucosal) immune system.
*can be passed through breast milk (areola)
62
IgD - function?
low concentration in blood
located primarily on the surface of developing B cells
function as one type of B cell antigen receptor - and for that reason helps to regulate cell activity
63
IgE - least concentrated where? Mediator of? Defender against?
Least concentrated in the circulation of all Ig.
Mediator of many common allergic responses (portions bind to Mast cells)
Defender against parasites - attracts eosinophils
64
IgG
most abundant (80-85%)
accounts for most of the protective activity against infections
65
Which antibody is transported across the placenta? How many classes?
IgG1-4
66
Largest immunoglobulin
First produced during the primary response to an antigen
Synthesized during fetal life
IgM
67
Primary vs secondary response Ig
Primary response:
oInitial exposure. B-cell differentiation. IgM (after 5-7 days detected) produced then IgG against specific antigen
oPrimer of the individual’s immune system – sets stage for additional exposure
Secondary response
oMore rapid. Larger amounts of antibody produced.
oRapid b/c presence of memory cells that don’t have to differentiate.
oIgM is produced, but IgG is produced a lot more.
68
Adaptive immunity clonal diversity
production of T and B lymphocytes
69
when B and T cells are produced to recognize a specific antigen - ALL NECESSARY RECEPTOR SPECIFICITIES ARE PRODUCED leading to immature but immunocompetent B&T cells
clonal diversity - lymphocyte specificity
somehow does not require foreign antigen
70
results in immature but immunocompetent T and B cells
clonal diversity
71
production of B & T lymphocytes, antigen recognition, & lymphocyte specificity
clonal diversity
72
Clonal diversity: B cell development
PRODUCTION, PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTION IN BM
then travel to lymph tissue to reside as immunocompetent cells
73
Clonal diversity: T cell development
The THYMUS IS THE CENTRAL LYMPHOID ORGAN OF T CELL DEVELOPMENT
development of antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs)
leave thymus and travel to and reside in secondary lymphoid tissue as immunocompetent cells
74
Initiated when T and B cells interact with an antigen
clonal selection - an antigen selects lymphocytes w/compatible receptors
75
What must happen first in the clonal selection process?
must first be processed and presented on APC
dendritic cell, macrophage, B lymphocyte
76
Both B and T cells are ________ before they have "seen" an antigen on the surface of APC. Considered what?
immunocompetent - considered naive
77
when immunocompetent B cell encounters antigen for first time --> b cell with specific BCRs are stimulated to differentiate and proliferate --> then what? what does a differentiated B cell become?
a differentiated B cell becomes a plasma cell that produces antibodies --> dedicated to the secretion of a single class or subclass or antibody
78
T cell activation - cell mediated immunity
when antigen binds to immunocompetent t cell...
- Tc cell - cytotoxic kills pathogen directly
- Th cells activate other cells (macrophages, etc.)
- T regulatory (Treg cells) - regulate the immune response to avoid attacking self
- Memory T
79
MHC same as _____ and what are they?
HLA
glycoproteins on surface of all human cells except RBCs that present antigens as their primary function
80
2 types of MHC and what do they bidn?
* MHC I presents antigen to cytotoxic T cells (CD8)
| * MHC II presents antigen to T helper cells (CD4 markers)
81
antibodies are present in tears, sweat, saliva, mucus, breast milk, GU, Peyer patches SI
which ones?
this is the secretory (mucosal) immune system
IgA is dominant, but IgG and IgM are present in small amounts
82
See slide 86 systemic immune sys vs secretory immune sys
...
83
body's FINAL response slide 86
Systemic immune system - internal response (in blood and tissues)
84
fetus has sufficient ____ antibodies but deficient in what? can produce ____ at birth?
sufficient IgM, deficient in IgG IgA
produce IgG at birth - protective 6 mo.
85
Stages of disease - 4 of them - stages of communicable disease
incubation, prodromal, invasion, convalesence
86
incubation stage
period from initial exposure to onset of first symptoms (hrs to years)
87
prodromal stage
occurrence of initial symptoms are often very mild with feelings of discomfort and tiredness
88
invasion/infection stage
invasion is farther and affects other body tissues
89
convalescence
recovery occurs and symptoms decline, or the disease is fatal, or has a period of latency
90
Hallmark of infection?
fever
91
ability to produce disease
pathogenicity
92
capacity to cause severe disease; potency
virulence
93
ability to enter and replicate
infectivity
94
diseases with relatively high, but constant, rates of infection in a particular population
endemic
95
number of new infections in a particular population that greatly exceeds the number usually observed
epidemic
96
endotoxins
•Endotoxins – In cell walls of gram-negative bacteria. Released during lysis of bacteria. called pyrogenic bacteria bc activate inflammation & produce fever.
97
exotoxins
enzymes released during growth - damages cell membranes, activates second messengers, and inhibits protein synthesis
98
which toxins activate inflammation and produce fever, and can lead to septic shock? normally the result of?
endotoxins (endotoxic shock or septic shock)
gram - bacterial infection
99
virus build includes?
virion (nucleic acid surrounded by capsid)
classified by: nucleic acid (RNA or DNA), whether or not uses enzyme reverse transcriptase
100
intracellular parasites
viruses
101
Three stages of General Adaptation System?
1- alarm stage = arousal of body defenses -- fight or flight
*stressor triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis which activates the SNS
2- stage of resistance (adaptation) -- mobilization that contributes to fight or flight
*begins with actions of adrenal hormones (cortisol, epi, norepi)
3-exhaustion stage (allostatic overload) - progressive breakdown of compensatory mechanisms, and may lead to onset of disease
*occurs only if stress continues and adaptation is not successful
102
stress response - initiated by? starts with what hormone and from where?
initiated by CNS
Starts with CRH from hypothalamus --> CRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release: prolactin, GH, endorphins, and ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) WHICH STIMULATES THE ADRENAL GLAND CORTEX TO RELEASE CORTISOL (glucocorticoid) stimulates gluconeogenesis, elevates glucose level, is powerful anti-inflammatory
103
Stress also causes stimulation of SNS
Catecholamines stimulate fight or flight (epi & norepi) from adrenal gland medulla – inc. CO & blood flow to heart, brain, & skeletal muscles by dilating vessels as well as airway vessels ALSO constricts blood vessels of viscera & skin (so it can shift blood to vital organs)
*also increases mental awareness
104
glucocorticoid: cortisol does what?
CORTISOL (glucocorticoid) stimulates gluconeogenesis, elevates glucose level, is powerful anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive agent
*causes poor wound healing and an increased r/f infection
105
proteins found int he brain that have pain-relieving capabilities
endorphins and enkephalins
106
Stress-induced immune changes affect immune cell functions...causes?
causes decreased NK cells, and T-cell cytotoxicity and impaired B-cell function
