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Advanced Patho UC Exam #2 > The Immune System > Flashcards

The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Most numerous leukocyte in the blood

A

neutrophils (55%)

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2
Q

Serve as phagocyte in (predominant) early inflammation, and then die 1-2 days later

A

neutrophils (polymorphonuclear neutrophils - PMNs)

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3
Q

Ingest (phagocyte) antigen-antibody complexes and VIRUSES

Release cytokines and leukotrienes that augment inflammatory response

Increase the type I hypersensitivity reaction

Increase and attack parasitic infections

A

eosinophils

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4
Q

Basophils contain what? what does this do? what else do basophils do? contribute to? increase at the site of?

A
  • contain histamine
  • increase at the site of allergic inflammatory reactions and parasitic infection, particularly exoparasites (ticks)

-contribute to the local inflammatory response

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5
Q

what are the central cells in inflammation?

A

mast cells - these are very similar to basophils

  • contain IgE receptors
  • not blood cells, rather in the tissues
  • also contain histamine that increase permeability of blood vessels and smooth m. contraction
  • histamine can cause vasodilation and vasoconstriction
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6
Q

are the MAJOR cells of the immune system (35%) include what?

A

lymphocytes (mature T, B, and plasma cells)

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7
Q

lymphocyte-like cells

A

NK cells

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8
Q

kill tumor cells and virally infected cells - recognize infected cells and tumors by changes in MHC I

also do not have to be induced by antigens

A

Natural killer cells

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9
Q

natural killer cells kill what? what else? NK cells are considered innate or adaptive?

A

kill tumor cells and virally infected cells

do not have to be induced by antigens

innate

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10
Q

provide the main line of defense against bacteria in the bloodstream?

A

monocytes and macrophages

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11
Q

precursor to macrophages and dendritic cells

A

monocytes

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12
Q

predominant phagocyte late in the inflammatory response

A

monocytes/macrophages

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13
Q

major “antigen-processing” and antigen-presenting cells that initiate the immune response?

also another that aren’t “major” that do the same thing

A

macrophages - major

dendritic cells

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14
Q

B cells are produced in the _____ and then migrate to the ______

A

B cells can actually mature in both the BM and the lymph nodes

Plasma cells that come from activation of B-lymphocytes produce antibodies

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15
Q

Located in mediastinal area, and secretes a group of hormones that enable lymphocytes to develop into mature T cells

A

thymus

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16
Q

largest lymphatic organ

A

spleen - macrophages here clear cell debris and process hemoglobin

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17
Q

consist of lymphoid tissue and produce lymphocytes

A

tonsils

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18
Q

Immune system 1st, 2nd, 3rd lines of defense?

A

1st line - INNATE/Native immunity
-natural barriers: skin and mucous membranes

2nd line - INFLAMMATION

3rd line - Adaptive (acquired immunity)

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19
Q

Group of glycoproteins that kill viruses and in general activates macrophages

*other notes say DO NOT DIRECTLY kill - rather PROTECT against viruses but prevent them from infecting additional healthy cells

A

INTERFERON - produced and released by virally infected host cells

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20
Q

Enzyme precursors when activated, undergo cascading chain rxn conversions

A

complement

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21
Q

enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promote inflammation, and attack the pathogen’s cell membrane can destroy pathogens directly

A

complement system (part of innate immunity)

*leukocyte chemotaxis; opsonization; cell lysis

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22
Q

causes dilation of blood vessels, pain, smooth muscle contraction, vascular permeability, & leukocyte chemotaxis

A

kinin system

kin to histamine

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23
Q

kinin system

A

(vascular dilation and permeability)

causes dilation of blood vessels, pain, smooth muscle contraction, vascular permeability, & leukocyte chemotaxis

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24
Q

enhance the acquired immune response but are part of the innate immune system

*produced primarily by?

A

Interleukins - stimulate the proliferation and maturation of lymphocytes

*produced primarily by macrophages and lymphocytes

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25
Q

interleukins

A

enhance the acquired immune response but are part of the innate immune system

stimulate the proliferation and maturation of lymphocytes

Do NOT DIRECTLY kill viruses but prevent them from infecting additional healthy cells

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26
Q

can cause death with gram negative sepsis. What other things can it do? what is it secreted by?

A

TNF - stimulates acute inflammation and can result in s/s of shock

  • act as pyrogen to create fever
  • muscle wasting (cachexia)
  • proinflammatory

*secreted by macrophages in response to PAMP and TLR recognition

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27
Q

General term to signify a protein hormone that affects the function of cells lying near the cell of origin

Which are included?

Can be inflammatory or anti-inflammatory
Synergistic or antagonistic

A

Cytokines (ITT)
-Interleukins: enhance acquired immunity

  • Interferons (IFN): protect against viral infections. do not directly kill, but preventing them from infecting additional healthy cells
  • TNF-Alpha: death w/gram neg sepsis. can cause shock
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28
Q

attract leukocytes to site of inflammation (chemotaxis)

A

chemokines

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29
Q

Mast cell synthesis of mediators…which mediators?

A

leukotrienes, PGs, platelet-activating factor

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30
Q

similar effects to histamine in later stages - longer and slower response than histamine

  • s. muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability
  • produced by mast cells
A

Leukotrienes

tries to be like histamine

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31
Q

remember that histamine can cause both _____ and ______

A

vasodilation and vasoconstriction

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32
Q

similar effect as leukotrienes, but also induce pain…produced by mast cells

A

PGs

*aspirin and other NSAIDS block synthesis of this

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33
Q

cause endothelial cell retraction to increase vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, and platelet activation…produced by mast cells

A

Platelet-activating factor

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34
Q

vasoactive amine that causes temporary, rapid constriction of the large blood vessels and the dilation of the post-capillary venules

also causes retraction of endothelial cells lining the capillaries

A

histamine

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35
Q

H1 receptor where are they located? what happens?

A

proinflammatory

  • located on smooth muscle cells
  • especially in the bronchi and causes bronchoconstriction when stimulated
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36
Q

H2 receptor where are they located? what happens?

A

anti-inflammatory

-abundant on parietal cells of stomach acid and induces secretion of gastric acid

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37
Q

first immune response to injury

A

inflammatory response - second line of defense

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38
Q

see chart neutrophils vs mono/macrophages slide 33

A

…

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39
Q

Plasma protein system that provides a biochemical barrier against invading pathogens

A
  • complement system
  • coagulation system: prevents spread of infection from site (mostly fibrin)
  • kinin system

*interactions among the three plasma protein systems is finely regulated to prevent injury to host tissue and to guarantee activation when needed

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40
Q

______ close to the vessel contain ________ -the most important activator of inflammation

A

tissue

mast cells

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41
Q

______ in the tissues. These cells connect the innate and adaptive immune response

A

dendritic cells

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42
Q

how is the inflammatory response initiated…think molecular pathogen

A

the inflammatory response is initiated when tissue injury occurs or when PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns are recognized by PRRs (pattern recognition receptors) on cells of the innate immune system

PRR is the same thing as toll-like receptors

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43
Q

regulate innate or adaptive resistance by affecting other neighboring cells

*are either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory

A

chemokines or cytokines

44
Q

release a number of mediators that promote and control inflammation - degranulation of serotonin release (acts like histamine)

A

platelets

45
Q

acute inflammation causes?

A

heat, swelling, redness, pain (pressure exudate, PG, bradykinin)

heat and redness d/t vasodilation and increased blood flow through injured sites

46
Q

leukocytosis is a manifestation of acute inflammation - what causes left shift?

A

more immature neutrophils present

47
Q

what is considered chronic inflammation?

A

inflammation lasting 2 weeks or longer

48
Q

neonates have transiently depressed ______ and _______ function

A

inflammatory and immune

49
Q

adaptive immunity is…

A

specific

50
Q

B lymphocytes are responsible for

A

humoral immunity that is mediated by circulating antibodies

51
Q

T lymphocytes are responsible for

A

cell-mediated immunity

52
Q

Humoral immunity produces immunoglobulins (antibodies) by…

A

activating B cells and creating plasma cells that produce antibodies

antibodies bind to antigens on bacteria and viruses

53
Q

Cellular immunity…

A

T cells (control of intracellular pathogens)

  • kill target directly
  • stimulate other leukocytes
54
Q

Both humoral and cellular immunity produce? Both interact.

A

memory cells

55
Q

epitope

A

antigenic determinant - the part of the antigen that is recognized by the immune system

56
Q

paratope

A

A paratope, also called an antigen-binding site, is a part of an antibody which recognizes and binds to an antigen

57
Q

_____ are small molecules that elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein; the carrier may be one that also does not elicit an immune response by itself.

A

haptens

58
Q

antigens that induce allergic rxn

A

allergens

59
Q

Classes of antibodies

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD

GAMED

60
Q

Dominant immunoglobulin in secretory (mucosal) immune system

A

IgA

*secretory piece may function to protect IgAs against enzyme degradation in the secretions

61
Q

IgA which two? Does what?

A

o IgA – IgA1 = found
in blood, IgA2 = found in bodily secretions. Defends against pathogens on body surfaces (resp. & GI). Dominant immunoglobulin in secretory (mucosal) immune system.

*can be passed through breast milk (areola)

62
Q

IgD - function?

A

low concentration in blood

located primarily on the surface of developing B cells

function as one type of B cell antigen receptor - and for that reason helps to regulate cell activity

63
Q

IgE - least concentrated where? Mediator of? Defender against?

A

Least concentrated in the circulation of all Ig.

Mediator of many common allergic responses (portions bind to Mast cells)

Defender against parasites - attracts eosinophils

64
Q

IgG

A

most abundant (80-85%)

accounts for most of the protective activity against infections

65
Q

Which antibody is transported across the placenta? How many classes?

A

IgG1-4

66
Q

Largest immunoglobulin

First produced during the primary response to an antigen

Synthesized during fetal life

A

IgM

67
Q

Primary vs secondary response Ig

A

Primary response:

oInitial exposure. B-cell differentiation. IgM (after 5-7 days detected) produced then IgG against specific antigen
oPrimer of the individual’s immune system – sets stage for additional exposure

Secondary response
oMore rapid. Larger amounts of antibody produced.
oRapid b/c presence of memory cells that don’t have to differentiate.
oIgM is produced, but IgG is produced a lot more.

68
Q

Adaptive immunity clonal diversity

A

production of T and B lymphocytes

69
Q

when B and T cells are produced to recognize a specific antigen - ALL NECESSARY RECEPTOR SPECIFICITIES ARE PRODUCED leading to immature but immunocompetent B&T cells

A

clonal diversity - lymphocyte specificity

somehow does not require foreign antigen

70
Q

results in immature but immunocompetent T and B cells

A

clonal diversity

71
Q

production of B & T lymphocytes, antigen recognition, & lymphocyte specificity

A

clonal diversity

72
Q

Clonal diversity: B cell development

A

PRODUCTION, PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTION IN BM

then travel to lymph tissue to reside as immunocompetent cells

73
Q

Clonal diversity: T cell development

A

The THYMUS IS THE CENTRAL LYMPHOID ORGAN OF T CELL DEVELOPMENT

development of antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs)

leave thymus and travel to and reside in secondary lymphoid tissue as immunocompetent cells

74
Q

Initiated when T and B cells interact with an antigen

A

clonal selection - an antigen selects lymphocytes w/compatible receptors

75
Q

What must happen first in the clonal selection process?

A

must first be processed and presented on APC

dendritic cell, macrophage, B lymphocyte

76
Q

Both B and T cells are ________ before they have “seen” an antigen on the surface of APC. Considered what?

A

immunocompetent - considered naive

77
Q

when immunocompetent B cell encounters antigen for first time –> b cell with specific BCRs are stimulated to differentiate and proliferate –> then what? what does a differentiated B cell become?

A

a differentiated B cell becomes a plasma cell that produces antibodies –> dedicated to the secretion of a single class or subclass or antibody

78
Q

T cell activation - cell mediated immunity

A

when antigen binds to immunocompetent t cell…

  • Tc cell - cytotoxic kills pathogen directly
  • Th cells activate other cells (macrophages, etc.)
  • T regulatory (Treg cells) - regulate the immune response to avoid attacking self
  • Memory T
79
Q

MHC same as _____ and what are they?

A

HLA

glycoproteins on surface of all human cells except RBCs that present antigens as their primary function

80
Q

2 types of MHC and what do they bidn?

A
  • MHC I presents antigen to cytotoxic T cells (CD8)

* MHC II presents antigen to T helper cells (CD4 markers)

81
Q

antibodies are present in tears, sweat, saliva, mucus, breast milk, GU, Peyer patches SI

which ones?

A

this is the secretory (mucosal) immune system

IgA is dominant, but IgG and IgM are present in small amounts

82
Q

See slide 86 systemic immune sys vs secretory immune sys

A

…

83
Q

body’s FINAL response slide 86

A

Systemic immune system - internal response (in blood and tissues)

84
Q

fetus has sufficient ____ antibodies but deficient in what? can produce ____ at birth?

A

sufficient IgM, deficient in IgG IgA

produce IgG at birth - protective 6 mo.

85
Q

Stages of disease - 4 of them - stages of communicable disease

A

incubation, prodromal, invasion, convalesence

86
Q

incubation stage

A

period from initial exposure to onset of first symptoms (hrs to years)

87
Q

prodromal stage

A

occurrence of initial symptoms are often very mild with feelings of discomfort and tiredness

88
Q

invasion/infection stage

A

invasion is farther and affects other body tissues

89
Q

convalescence

A

recovery occurs and symptoms decline, or the disease is fatal, or has a period of latency

90
Q

Hallmark of infection?

A

fever

91
Q

ability to produce disease

A

pathogenicity

92
Q

capacity to cause severe disease; potency

A

virulence

93
Q

ability to enter and replicate

A

infectivity

94
Q

diseases with relatively high, but constant, rates of infection in a particular population

A

endemic

95
Q

number of new infections in a particular population that greatly exceeds the number usually observed

A

epidemic

96
Q

endotoxins

A

•Endotoxins – In cell walls of gram-negative bacteria. Released during lysis of bacteria. called pyrogenic bacteria bc activate inflammation & produce fever.

97
Q

exotoxins

A

enzymes released during growth - damages cell membranes, activates second messengers, and inhibits protein synthesis

98
Q

which toxins activate inflammation and produce fever, and can lead to septic shock? normally the result of?

A

endotoxins (endotoxic shock or septic shock)

gram - bacterial infection

99
Q

virus build includes?

A

virion (nucleic acid surrounded by capsid)

classified by: nucleic acid (RNA or DNA), whether or not uses enzyme reverse transcriptase

100
Q

intracellular parasites

A

viruses

101
Q

Three stages of General Adaptation System?

A

1- alarm stage = arousal of body defenses – fight or flight
*stressor triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis which activates the SNS

2- stage of resistance (adaptation) – mobilization that contributes to fight or flight
*begins with actions of adrenal hormones (cortisol, epi, norepi)

3-exhaustion stage (allostatic overload) - progressive breakdown of compensatory mechanisms, and may lead to onset of disease
*occurs only if stress continues and adaptation is not successful

102
Q

stress response - initiated by? starts with what hormone and from where?

A

initiated by CNS

Starts with CRH from hypothalamus –> CRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release: prolactin, GH, endorphins, and ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) WHICH STIMULATES THE ADRENAL GLAND CORTEX TO RELEASE CORTISOL (glucocorticoid) stimulates gluconeogenesis, elevates glucose level, is powerful anti-inflammatory

103
Q

Stress also causes stimulation of SNS

A

Catecholamines stimulate fight or flight (epi & norepi) from adrenal gland medulla – inc. CO & blood flow to heart, brain, & skeletal muscles by dilating vessels as well as airway vessels ALSO constricts blood vessels of viscera & skin (so it can shift blood to vital organs)

*also increases mental awareness

104
Q

glucocorticoid: cortisol does what?

A

CORTISOL (glucocorticoid) stimulates gluconeogenesis, elevates glucose level, is powerful anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive agent

*causes poor wound healing and an increased r/f infection

105
Q

proteins found int he brain that have pain-relieving capabilities

A

endorphins and enkephalins

106
Q

Stress-induced immune changes affect immune cell functions…causes?

A

causes decreased NK cells, and T-cell cytotoxicity and impaired B-cell function

Advanced Patho UC Exam #2 (5 decks)

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