The immune system (chapter 21) Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
The ability of the body to defend itself against “unfamiliar” microorganiams
A
immunity
2
Q
Physically prevent pathogens from entering body
A
surface barriers
3
Q
tought fibrous protein resistant to weak acids, weak bases, bacterial enzymes
A
keratin
4
Q
sweat and sebum on skin surface are slightly acidic
A
acid mantle
5
Q
line all body cavities that open to the exterior (digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts)
A
Mucous membranes
6
Q
traps microorganisms in respiratory and digestive tracts
A
mucus
7
Q
traps microorganisms in nasal cavity
A
nasal hairs
8
Q
takes mucus (with trapped microorganisms) and propels it away from nasal cavity and respiratory tract (bath and forth rapidly)
A
cilia
9
Q
stomach: secretes very acidic gastric juices
Vagina: acidic nature prevents bacterial and fungal growth in reproducitve tract
A
Acid mantle
10
Q
- cleanses eyes and mouth
- contains lysozymes to destroy bacteria
A
tears and saliva
11
Q
acidic in nature, physically removes bacteria during urination
A
urine
12
Q
used when surface barriers are breached
A
cellular and chemical defenses
13
Q
- proteins found on cells of the innate immune sysytem
- recognize potentially harmful substances by presence of a molecule with a certain shape found on pathogen, but NOT normal human cells
A
patter recognition receptors
14
Q
- target cancerous cells and virus infected cells
- non specific
A
Natural Killer (NK) cells
15
Q
natural killer cells release perforin. What is perforin?
A
creates pores in the membrane of cell
16
Q
process by which cells engulf and destroy pathogenic cells of substances
A
Phagocytosis
17
Q
capable of traveling through tissue to search for pathogens
A
Free macrophage
18
Q
Permanent location in tissue of a particular organ
A
fixed macrophages
19
Q
substance that binds to pathogen surface which allows the phagocytes to recognize an bind pathogen easily
A
opsonins
20
Q
nonspecific localized response to tissue injury
A
inflammation
21
Q
- released by basophils
- effect: vasodilation, increase permeability of local capillaries
A
histamine
22
Q
- derived from plasma protein kininogen
- effect: vasodilation, attracts other leukocytes, induces pain
A
Kinins
23
Q
- generated by neutrophils, basophils, mast cells, etc
- Vasodilation, neutrophil chemotaxis, induces pain
A
prostaglandins
24
Q
increase number of white blood cells in the blood
A
leukocytosis
25
* released by injured/damaged cells
* cause WBCs to migrate to blood
Leukocytosis-inducing factor
26
phagocytosis cling to inside of endothelial wall of capillaries at the injury site
margination
27
cells clinging to wall will squeeze between cells of endothelial wall
Diapedesis
28
inflammatory chemicals are chemotactic agents
chemotaxis
29
protein that can attack microorganisms directly or interfere with their reproduction (work independently of cells)
Antimicrobial proteins
30
released by cells infected by a virus to protect surrounding noninfected cells
interferons
31
* group of 20 plasma proteins synthesized by the liver
* normally inactive in blood (if healthy)
* stimulates vasodilation, pain perception, **stronger response**
Complement
32
* body wide systemic response to pathogens
* characteristics abnormally high body temperature
* leukocytes and macrophages release **pyrogens**
Fever
33
* defense system that is more specific than innate defenses
* slower response
* cells must be exposed to an antigen before they can react
Adaptive defense
34
* anitbodies present in body fluids
* circulate freely after release, mark and temporailty inactive target cells for descruction
* B Cells
Humoral immunity
35
* when lymphocytes directly defend the body
* cells can either directly kill target cells or release chemicals that increase inflammatory response and active macrophages
Cellular immunity
36
any substance that can mobilize the adaptive defense system
antigens
36
* nearly any foreign molecule can act as a ........: proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids
* can react with activated lymphocytes and anitbodies
* immunigenic
complete anitgens
36
can stimulate lymphocyte proliferation and generate an immune response
immunogenic
37
* Can only generate immune response when they are attached to a protein carrier
* ex: poison ivy, pet dander, detergents
Hapten ("incomplete") antigen
38
to begin immune response, lymphocytes and antibodies must bind to ........ on the antigen surface
Antigenic determinants
39
* antigens that belong to your own body
* this is on an individual basis
self antigens
40
* class of glycoprotein found on the surface of our cells
* hold an anitgen
Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins
41
* B cells (Bone marrow) and T cells (thymus)
* must mature before they can launch an immune response
Lymphocytes
42
* lymphocytes must be able to recognize a single antigen to act against
* individual lymphocytes form a specific receptor that binds to specific anitgen
immunocompetence
43
lymphocytes must be able to recognize self vs non self (prevents lymphocytes from reacting with a self cell, or launching a immune response to our own antigen)
Self tolerance
44
active cells that fight off the pathogen during the infection period, they are more short lived, and die off during the process of defending the body
effector cells
44
stick around longer or even a lifetime, allowing the adaptive defenses to remember pathogens that we have already, more quickly and efficiently fight them off the second time if we are exposed
Memory cells
45
* cells that engulf an antigen and display some of its fragments
* makes it easier for the T cells to recognize the non self anitgen
Antigen-Presenting cells (APCs)
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* transport antigens back to lymphoid organ and display it to local lymphocytes
* faster response and ONLY function
Dendritic cells
47
present anitgens to T cells to maintain T cell activation---> immune response can continue
Macrophages
48
present antigens to helper T cells to be activated
B Lymphocytes
49
B cells are activated by binding of an antigen to mutliple receptors on B cell surface
primary reponse
50
* cells that produce and secrete antibodies
* antibodies bind to the same shape of anitgen and mark it for destruction
Plasma cells
51
"remember" previous antigen encounters
Memory B cells
52
B cells encounter anitgens directly, produce plasma cells and secrete antibodies to act against them
active humoral immunity
53
bacterial or viral infection occurs in the body
naturally acquired (active humoral immunity)
54
use of vaccines
artifically acquired (active humoral immunity)
55
* antibodies are **supplied** to the body, rather than produced by it
* B cells are not introduce to antigen, memory cells are not produced
* protection from the pathogen ends when the antibody supply is cut off
Passive humoral Immunity
56
* antibodies passed from mother to fetus/infant
* placenta or breast milk
* protection ends when birth occurs or breastfeeding ends
Natural (passive humoral immunity)
57
* antibodies supplied by an "immune donor"
* protects from antigens that can kill a person before body can produce antibodies
Artifiical (passive humoral immunity)
58
* another word for antibodies
* Each antibody molecule is essentially identical to the antigen receptor of the B cell that produced it
immunoglobulins (Ig)
59
* first class that is secreted by plasma cels during a **Primary response**
* Largest antibodies and produced moslty in **spleen**
IgM
59
* found in body secretion (sweat, salive, etc)
* prevents pathogens to attaching to epithelial surfaces --> skin and mucous membranes
IgA
60
* functions as B cells antigen receptors, found on the surface of B lymphocytes
IgD
61
* most abundant antibody
* main antibody of primary and secondary response
* supply to fetus by parents
IgG
62
release histamine- mediates inflammation and allergic reaction
IgE
63
antibody blocks specific sites on virus or bacteria--> virus/bacteria can no longer bind to receptors on tissue cells
neutralization
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* antibody can have multiple antigen binding sites- can bind multiple anitgens
* anitgens are clumped together
Agglutination
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* soluble molecules are clumped together and settle out of solution
precipitation
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* multiple antibodies binding closely to same cell
* antigen lysis
complement activation
67
directly attacks cancerous cells, virus infected cells and "foreign" transplant cells
T lymphocytes
68
* help with humoral immunity and mediate immune response
* activates B cells
* stimulates production of destructive T cells
* attract more white blood cells to area
helper T cells (Th)
69
* directly kill cells
* release perforin and granzyme which triggers apoptosis
cytotoxic T cells (Tc)
70
* dampen immune response which prevents them from spiraling out of control
* used for organ transplants and autoimmune conditions
regulatory T cells (Treg)
71
any condition that impairs the production or function of immune cells or molecules
immunodeficiencies
72
* genetic defects that result in markedly reduced lymphocyte production (no protection from pathogen)
* congenital (from birth)
* infants with this condition have no protection, minor infections are often life threatening
severe combine immunodeficieny syndrome (SCID)
73
* a disease that interferes with Th cells activity
* caused by HIV
acquired immune defiency syndrome (AIDS)
74
* passed from person to person via exchange of body fluids
* use the enzyme **reverse transciptase**
* infects inactive helper t cells with the virus so the person will lose all of thier immune functions
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
75
* any disease in which the immune system cannot recognize "self" from "non-self"
* Rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Graves disease, type 1 diabetes
Autoimmune disorders
76
auto antibodies and Tc cells destroy healthy body tissues
autoimmunity
