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French Revolution > The impact of Napoleon's rule on France - 1799-1815 NEEDED FOR EXAM > Flashcards

The impact of Napoleon's rule on France - 1799-1815 NEEDED FOR EXAM Flashcards

Political change: Napoleon's consolidation of power and establishment of Emperor status; constitutional developments Have a mindmap for

1
Q

What was the infernale machine attack?

A

An attempt to assassinate Napoleon on the way to the opera

D

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2
Q

When was the infernale machine attack?

A

Dec 1800

D

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3
Q

How many people were injured during the infernale machine attack?

A

52, including Napoleon’s stepdaughter

D

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4
Q

What two things saved Napoleon during the infernale machine attack?

A
  1. The speed of his carriage
  2. Low quality gunpowder used by attackers
    D
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5
Q

What did the infernale machine attack highlight?

A

That the rule under Napoleon wasn’t universally accepted and measures would be needed to consolidate his rule
D

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6
Q

What was the Plebiscite of 1800?

A

A direct vote for the French for the ratification of the Constitution of the Year VIII
D

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7
Q

What did the Plebiscite of 1800 show?

A

Napoleon’s concern for democratic processes and a justification for the coup of Brumaire.
D

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8
Q

What did the Plebiscite of 1800 aim to do?

A

Give Napoleon First Consul

D

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9
Q

How many men actually voted? % and number

A

Roughly only 25% voted, representing 1.5 million men

D

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10
Q

How were the votes changed to appear as though Napoleon had an overwhelming majority?

A

Napoleon’s brother Lucien, whom he had appointed Minister of the Interior, adjusted the statistics to show that 42.26% of the electorate had supported Napoleon
D

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11
Q

How were members of the Council of State selected after Napoleon became First Consul?

A

Napoleon selected the members of the Council of State over which he presided.
D

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12
Q

Who became Napoleon’s first Minister of Justice in 1800?

A

Cambacérès

D

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13
Q

Who became Napoleon’s Minister for Police in 1800?

A

Fouché

D

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14
Q

What two things did the Constitution provide in 1800?

A
  1. Some continuity of personnel between the Directory and the new Tribunate and Legislative Body.
  2. The structure of the government remained very similar which ensured stability.
    D
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15
Q

What did Napoleon claim in 1800 after he became First Consul?

A

That he had responded to the people’s and country’s needs by supplying a strong and effective government from a ruler whose decisions were taken ‘in the people’s best interests’
D

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16
Q

What three things did the plebiscite of 1800 allow?

A
  1. Napoleon to show apparent concern for democracy
  2. Napoleon to provide retrospective justification for the coup of brumaire
  3. Napoleon the necessary confirmation of his position as first counsel to those who had challenged his position
    D
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17
Q

What did Napoleon not tolerate?

A

Jacobinism

D

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18
Q

How were the police and spies used to monitor Jacobinism?

A

Police to be vigilant for it
Spies used to infiltrate potential Jacobin groups
D

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19
Q

Who was found to be guilty of the infernale machine attack?

A

Royalists who were found and guillotined

D

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20
Q

Who was wrongly blamed for the infernale machine attack?

A

Jacobins until the royalists were found

D

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21
Q

How many Jacobins were deported to the Seychelles or Guiana in 1801

A

129 leaders

D

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22
Q

What happened to civil servants who were thought to be Jacobin sympathisers?

A

They were dismissed

D

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23
Q

Where was the risk of Jacobinism strongest?

A

In lower ranks of the army

D

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24
Q

What did royalists initially believe that Napoleon would do when he became first consul?

A

Place Comte de Provence (Louis XVIII) on the throne

D

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25
Q

When Louis XVIII (Comte de Provence) wrote to Napoleon in 1800, what did he reply back with?

A

’you should not hope to come back to France. It would be better for you to march over ‘one hundred thousand corpses’.
D

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26
Q

How did Napoleon deal with royalist revolts?

A

Military tribunals

D

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27
Q

How did General Brune deal with royalists in holland?

A

General Brune dealt harshly with royalists in holland who refused Napoleon’s truce offerings
D

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28
Q

How did Napoleon use the prefects and police to oversee royalist activity?

A

He extended the remit of police and used his prefects to report on incidents of trouble
D

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29
Q

What was wrongly reported regarding royalists in 1804?

A

That a Bourbon prince was had been in touch with émigrés and royalists to kidnap Napoleon and take him to Strasbourg
D

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30
Q

What was the Bourbon prince accused of in 1804?

A

Of bearing arms against the Republic, receiving funds from England and plotting.
D

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31
Q

What happened to the Bourbon prince and aristocratic leaders?

A

He was found guilty and shot in a ditch of the Château de Vincennes and 18 aristocrats were condemned to death
D

32
Q

What happened after the Bourbon prince was killed?

A

The Royalists gave Napoleon little trouble

D

33
Q

What happened in Paris on the anniversary of Louis XVI’s execution (21 January 1800)?

A

There was a royalist demonstration where a church was painted black and the king’s will was posted on the door, a senator was kidnapped and a constitutional bishop killed
D

34
Q

What were some liberals critical of and what did some liberals want?

A

Some were critical as they saw an emerging dictatorship and wanted a constitution that guaranteed rights such as freedom of speech and of the press
D

35
Q

Who was Madame Staël?

A

Necker’s daughter

D

36
Q

What did Napoleon do to the salon Madame Staël set up?

A

He ordered for both Benjamin Constant (Stael’s partner) and Madame Staël to be banished from Paris
D

37
Q

When did Napoleon banish Constant and Madame Staël?

A

1803

38
Q

Why was Napoleon irritated by the salon Constant and Madame Staël established?

A

Because it held discussions of liberal political ideas, which quickly became a nucleus for a liberal resistance group
D

39
Q

What did the constant threats to Napoleon’s position as first consul allow him to do?

A

Allowed Napoleon further justification for tightening his control over France
D

40
Q

What three things did Napoleon offer to try to win over political opponents?

A
  1. Overtures were offered to emigres and refractory priests
  2. Generous amnesties given to rebels who were prepared to stop and support Napoleon
  3. Promises to protect the catholic religion allowed him to command greater levels of bourgeoisie support
    D
41
Q

What were all of Napoleon’s policies and speeches designed to do?

A

Command support from Bourgeoisie

D

42
Q

What did changes to the vote allow?

A

Reassurance to purchasers of the biens nationaux and gave them more political influence
D

43
Q

What did Napoleon pronounce that purchasers of the biens nationaux liked?

A

That there would be no attempt to restore émigré or Church lands.
D

44
Q

What was ‘amalgame’?

A

End of social divisions of the Ancien Régime by reconciling the old nobility and the new ruling elites
D

45
Q

What was ‘ralliement’

A

Rallying all, from nobles to Jacobins, around the regime.

D

46
Q

How were the policies of rallyment and amalgame successful?

A

Although mostly talk, the regime gained some support such as old nobility accepting state positions
D

47
Q

What did winning support from the bourgeoisie enable?

A

Allowed Napoleon to secure trust and funds from those who had previously doubted his control - the bourgeoisie
D

48
Q

When did Napoleon become Consul for Life?

A

1802

D

49
Q

What did the Consul for Life allow Napoleon to name?

A

An heir, despite having no children

D

50
Q

When was the Constitution of Year X adopted?

A

1802

D

51
Q

What was the Constitution of Year X a gesture of?

A

A gesture of national gratitude to Napoleon

D

52
Q

Why was the Constitution of Year X issued?

A

In the interest of stability, confidence and the deterring of enemies
D

53
Q

How was the Constitution of Year X accomplished?

A

Another plebiscite which showed stronger support for the regime than in 1800. This time 50.55% voted and 99.76 voted yes.
D

54
Q

How many people voted for the Constitution of Year X?

A

50.6%

D

55
Q

Of the claimed 50.55% who voted in the plebiscite for the Constitution of Year X a, how many voted yes?

A

99.8%

D

56
Q

When was Napoleon declared Emperor?

A

1804

D

57
Q

How did Napoleon excuse the move to become Emperor?

A

That the move was made in response to the ‘pressure of the public opinion’
D

58
Q

Due to fears that Napoleon would be killed on the battlefield, what was decided when he became Emperor?

A

That there would be a hereditary succession for the House of Bonaparte and he could choose an heir
D

59
Q

What were the changes in 1804 known as?

A

The Constitution of the Year XII

D

60
Q

How was the Constitution of the Year XII presented to the people?

A

In a plebiscite

D

61
Q

What was the turnout for the plebiscite of the Constitution of the Year XII?

A

47.2%, which showed unanimous support for Napoleon’s change of status.
D

62
Q

When and where was Napoleon consecrated as Emporer?

A

Notre Dame Cathedral on 2 December 1804.

D

63
Q

Why did Napoleon choose the title Emperor?

A

Because ‘king’ was too close to the old royal government and not ambitious enough
D

64
Q

How was Pope Pius VII involved in the occasion of Napoleon becoming Emperor?

A

Pope Pius VII traveled to France, however Napoleon did not allow the Pope to crown him. He placed the crown on his own head
D

65
Q

Why did Napoleon want to become Emperor?

A

Attacks on him made him worry that Jacobins or Royalists would destroy the work he’d done in France so an heir would maintain political stability and his legacy to continue his work and guarantee the political order that he had created in case he died.
D

66
Q

If Napoleon crowned himself as king, what would that go against?

A

The principles of the revolution but political power in a republic isn’t inherited so he needed a loophole that was a higher rank than a king and allowed him to have an heir
D

67
Q

From early Jan 1801, what did Napoleon begin to do?

A

Block the aspirations of the Tribunate and the Legislative Body by using a Senatus consultum
D

68
Q

How was the Senate a useful ally of Napoleon’s?

A

It’s membership increased and he was able to fill it with his supporters to which he gave substantial salaries and gifts of land.
D

69
Q

What did Napoleon do when he faced criticism between Jan-March 1802?

A

He purged the Senate, Tribunate and Legislative body.

D

70
Q

How many people were removed from the Tribunate between Jan-March 1802?

A

20

D

71
Q

How many people were removed from the Legislative Body between Jan-March 1802?

A

60

D

72
Q

What happened to the organisation of the Tribunate between Jan-March 1802?

A

It was split into three

D

73
Q

How were voting qualifications altered in the Constitution of Year X?

A

Voting qualifications were also altered in order to allow for an increase in political power from the well off ‘notables’ on whom the regime relied.
D

74
Q

When was the Tribunate abolished?

A

1810, with the last meeting of the Legislative Body taking place in 1813
D

75
Q

How did Napoleon gain political power?

A

Napoleon gained his power by diminishing the democratic power of his opposition and increasing his allies influence and political power (these being the notables)
D

76
Q

How did Napoleon’s strategies of consolidating his power differ from the regimes and constitutions under Louis XVI and Robespierre?

A

Louis XVI and Robespierre gained dictatorial power through fear, torture and death whereas Napoleon gained it through diminishing oppositions power
D

French Revolution (8 decks)

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