The importance of DNA as an information carrying molecule and it's uses in gene technology

Question 1

Structure of DNA and RNA

Answer 1

DNA is a double helix with antiparallel strand and complementary base pairing. Carries genetic information in base sequences. Hydrogen bonds give stability but allow for easy unzipping during replication. Its stable, replicable structure allows inheritance (link to passing on favourable alleles in natural selection and evolution) OR - universal code enables gene transfer across species in biotechnology

Question 2

DNA replication

Answer 2

Semi-conservative replication using DNA helicase and DNA polymerase. DNA has complementary base pairings ensuring copying accuracy. Enables cell division and continuity between generations. Foundations for techniques like PCR, which mimics DNA replication in vitro.

Question 3

Protein Synthesis

Answer 3

Transcription creates mRNA from DNA. Translation uses mRNA to assemble the amino acids into those sequences to create the polypeptide chain. DNA controls structure and function of cells through protein production (give an e.g. of an important protein from the spec). Gene mutations here can lead to disease (e.g. beyond the spec discuss a genetic condition such as fragile X).

Question 4

Gene Expression

Answer 4

Gene expression can be controlled by epigenetic changes (e.g. methylation, acetylation). DNA expression can change in response to the environment (e.g. cell differentiation, cancer). Epigenetic markers can be manipulated in therapies or link to cancer developments

Question 5

Recombinant DNA and Gene Technologies

Answer 5

Point: Genetic engineering relies on key molecular techniques to manipulate DNA.
Evidence: Restriction enzymes cut DNA, ligase joins fragments, and vectors like plasmids deliver genes into cells. Marker genes identify successful modifications, while PCR amplifies DNA fragments.
Explanation: These tools allow for the creation of GMOs, such as insulin-producing bacteria, and enable gene therapy. They also support genetic disorder diagnosis and personalized medicine.
Link: Overall, these techniques are essential for advancing biotechnology and medical treatments.

Question 6

DNA, genes and chromosomes

Answer 6

Genes are sequences of amino acids in the polypeptide chains and also functional RNA. Chromosomes carry DNA in eukaryotic cells, structure allows packaging and regulation. Key to inheritance - mutations in the gene natal selection