The Inate Immune System Flashcards
(30 cards)
What chemical mediators do macrophages produce?
Interleukin-1, IL6 and tumour necrosis factor
What are the effects of chemical mediators produced by the macrophages?
Cause the hypothalamus to increase body temperature, cause the synthesis of prostaglandin, and cause CRP, antitrypsin and fibrinogen to be produced by the liver
What can CRP be used for?
To monitor disease activity and the response to diseases.
What is the function of CRP?
Binds to phospholipids on the surface of bacteria, then acts as an oposin, stimulating phagocytosis, and also activates the complement system through the lectin pathway.
Name a feature of the acute phase response other than CRP>
The production of Granulocyte colony stimulating factor, leads to a rapid increase in the production of neutrophils by the bone marrow.
What are some of the roles of the immune system?
Pathogen recognition, controlling and eliminating the infection, regulating itself to cause minimum damage, and remembering pathogens
What are some of the physical barriers to infection?
Skin, the mucosa membranes of the gut and the repsiratory tract.
How does the respiratory tract act as a barrier to infection?
It is protected by the mucociliary escalator, and the mucous forms a layer that traps the mircorganisms, and the cilia waft towards the mouth, where trapped organisms can be removed by coughing and sneezing.
What are some of the chemical barriers to infection?
Low ph of skin, stomach and the vagina (maintained by lactobacillus) and antimircobial molecules such as IgA, Lyzoenzyme, mucous, beta defferins and gastric acid and pepsin
What are the benefits of a normal biological flora?
Compete with pathogens for attachement and resources, produce antimircobial chemicals and allow for the synthesis of vitamins
When do the clinical problems start with the normal bacterial flora?
When it is displaced from its normal location to a stile location, or when it overgrows when the host becomes immunocomprimised or when normal flora is depleted by antibiotics
What are some of the chemical barriers to infection?
The low pH in areas such as the stomach and the vagina which is maintained by lactobacillus, and antimircobial molecules such as IgA which is found in the savlia, lysoenzyme and mucous, as well as gastric acid and pepsin
Describe some of the differences between the inate and the adaptive immune system.
Innate is much faster, innate has a lack of specificy whereas the adaptive is extremely specific, the innate has a lack of memory whereas the adaptive has a immunological memory, and the innate has no changes in intensity and the adaptive has lots of changes in intensity
What are the roles of the immune system?
Remebering pathogens, regulating itself, pathogen recognition, and containing as well as eliminating the infection
What is phagocytosis?
The internalisaiton of particulate matter inside cells, triggered by the recognition systems
What are some of the key features of macrophages?
They are myeloid cells, present in all organs and they ingest and destroy microbes, as well as produced cytokines and chemokines, and are produced by the maturation of monocytes
What are some of the key features of neutrophils?
Present in the blood, are increased during infection and ingest and destroy pyogenic bacteria such as staph pyogens, and thet are recruited by the chemokines towards the site of infection
What are some of the features of basophils?
Early actors of inflammation and basophils are also important within the immune response
What are some of the features of dendritic cells?
These help to present the mircobial antigens to the t cells
What are some of the features of esophils?
They are a defence agasint the multicellular parasites
What are some of the features of natural killer cells?
Kill all the abnormal cells
What are some of the molecules involved in pathogen recognition?
PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular proteins), such as carbohydrates, lipid proteins and nucelic acids.
Pathogen recognition receptors
Toll like receptors- a family of at least ten different receptors, recognise different cell surface molecules such as lipopolysaccharide
What are some of the molecules involved in the oponistion of microbes?
Antibodies such as IgG and IgM and complement proteins such as C3b and C4b and acute phase proteins such as C reactive proteins and mannose binding lectin
What are the stages involved in the process of phagocytosis?
Chemotaxis and adherence of the molecules, ingestion of the microbe by the phagocyte, and the formation of a pahgosome, and fusion of phagosome and a lysosome to form a phagolysosom, digestion, formation of a residual body of the indigestible parts of the mircobe, and exocytosis of any of the rest of the contents
