The Inflammatory Response Flashcards
What is the physiological process consisting of a dynamic complex of cellular and chemical reactions in response to injury or abnormal stimulation
Inflammatory response
The Triple Respouse first described by Lewis, (1927) and then described the following process:
Local reactions with resultant vascular and cellular response
Destruction and removal of injurious material
Responses that lead to repair the healing
What are the common causes of damage to cause an inflammatory response
Physical agents - tissue damage
Chemical agents and drugs - chemical agents , drugs both therapeutic and social
Microbial infections - bacterial infections, viral infections, fungal infections and parasites
Hypoxia - a condition that occurs when the body’s tissues don’t receive enough oxygen to function properly (anemia, carbon monoxide poisoning, heart attack, stroke, cyanide poisoning, alcohol or drug overdose)
Immunological reactions - allergies like hayfever, hives, anaphylaxis, autoimmune diseases, lupus, diabetics and vaccines
The process of inflammation involves what in your body
Blood cells
Platelets
The immune system
Chemical transmitters
Tissue cells
In medicine the signs of acute inflamation are always referred to a s
Cardinal signs of (Acutely) inflammation
What are the Cardinal Signs of (Acute) inflammation
Rubor - redness
Calor - heat
Tumour - swelling
Dolor - pain
Impaired function
What are the three types inflammation can be categorised in
Acute - up to 2 weeks
Sub Acute - 2 to 4 weeks
Chronic - months to years
What is short lasting inflammation
Acute
What are the 5 changes due to tissue damage
- Changes in vessel calibre (diameter)
- Structural changes in microvascular (smallest blood vessels)
- Migration of cells (movement)
- Action of exudate (fluid that leaks out of blood vessels into nearby ie puss)
- Repair (restore damaged tissue)
What does endothelium refer to
Single layer of cells that lines the inner surface of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and the heart
What are terminal lymphatics
The smallest vessels in the lymphatic system
What are terminal lymphatics also known as
Lymphatic capillaries or initial lymphatics
Terminal lymphatics drain into collecting lymphatics which have valves and so propel lymph passively aided by what
The contraction of neighbouring muscles to the lymph nodes
What lies beneath epitheal cells
Basal lamina
What are flat cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and the heart
Endothelial cells
What cells are simpler and less robust than those between capillary endothelial cells
Basal lamina of lymphatic endothelium
Through gaps that tend to open up passively as they are simpler and less robust than those between capillary basal lamina this allows what
Large protein molecules to enter the lymph nodes which is important in the immune response
What are some antigens
Spike protein on a virus
A bacterial toxin
Pollen proteins (cause of allergies)
Antigens are carried to the regional lymph nodes for recognition by what
Lymphocytes
What causes pain
Increased fluid interstitially causes swelling which impinges upon local nerve endings
What is the effect of some inflammatory mediators such as substance P and prostaglandins
They cause pain receptors to become sensitised then painful symptoms result
What are prostaglandins responsible for
Swelling, vasodilation and pain that develops after the first 2-3 hours of the inflammatory response
What are the 20 carbon fatty acids produced from the precursor arachidonic acid by a cascade of enzymes with the most important being cyclo-oxygenase
Prostaglandins
The result of pain is not from the direct activation of pain fibres by prostaglandins but from what
The sensitisation of pain receptors by prostaglandins that previously were non-painful stimuli which then causes the pain
