The Information in a Human Genome

Question 1

• The study of inherited traits, rooted in DNA, and their variations and transmission.

Answer 1

Genetics

Question 2

A powerful source of information about our identities that can reveal or revise what we know about our past, reach ourdiagnoses and target health treatments in the present and predict our medical futures.

Answer 2

Genetics

Question 3

considers how people are related and where their ancestors lived, using and comparing information from DNA sequences and evidence such as documents, old photographs, maps and family stories and memories.

Answer 3

Genetic Genealogy

Question 4

the transmission of traits and biological information between generations, and genetics is the study of how traits are transmitted.

Answer 4

Heredity

Question 5

function as the units of heredity in that copies of genes are passed from one generation to the next.

Answer 5

Genes

Question 6

Genes are biochemical instructions that tell ____________, the basic units of life, how to manufacture certain proteins.

Answer 6

Cells

Question 7

(basic unit of life) > Chromosomes > DNA > Nucleotide

Answer 7

Cell

Question 8

A gene consists of the longb molecule

Answer 8

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Question 9

it transmit information in its sequence of four types of building blocks, which function like an alphabet.

Answer 9

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Question 10

Most of a cell’s DNA is in a structure called

Answer 10

Cell Nucleus

Question 11

The complete set of genetic of genetic instructions characteristic of an organism, including protein-encoding genes and other DNA sequence, constitues a ________.

Answer 11

Genome

Question 12

Only about 1 percent of the 3.2 billion building blocks of our genome specify ________.

Answer 12

Proteins

Question 12

This tiny slice of genome called the ______ responsible for amany aspects of health and our traits including differences.

Answer 12

exome

Question 13

Analyzing and comparing genomes constitutes the field of _____

Answer 13

genomics

Question 14

Field that analyzes and compare genomes of different species

Answer 14

Genomics

Question 15

addresses concerns that arise from the use of new genetic technologies, including tests, treatments, privacy and discrimination.

Answer 15

Bioethics

Question 16

A field study that began in the 1970s to address moral issues and controversies that arise in applying medical technology.

Answer 16

Bioethics

Question 17

Confront concerns that arise from new genetic technology, such as privacy, use of genetic information and discrimination.

Answer 17

Bioethicists

Question 18

A molecule resembles a spiral staircase or double felix.

Answer 18

Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA

Question 19

consists of alternating chemical groups (sugars and phosphates) and are the same in all DNA molecules.

Answer 19

Rail or Backbone

Question 20

The “steps” of the DNA double helix are pairs of the four types of building blocks,

Answer 20

Nitrogenous Bases:
- Adenine (A)
- Thymine (T), which attracts each other

• Cytosine (C)
• Guanine (G), which attracts each other

Question 21

The chemical structure of DNA gives the molecule two key abilities that are essential for being the basis of life:

Answer 21

• DNA can replicate itself when a cell divides
• its information accessed to manufacture specific proteins.

Question 22

the chains of the double helix untwists and separate, and then each half builds a new partner chain from free DNA bases.

Answer 22

DNA replication

Question 23

Chemical attractions called ________ hold the bases of a pair together.

Answer 23

Hydrogen Bond

Question 24

it copies the sequence of part of one strand of a DNA molecule into a related type of molecule, messenger **Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)**

Answer 24

DNA Transcription

Question 25

The **green five-sided shapes** represent the _______.

Answer 25

Srugars

Question 26

The dots that connect that bases into pairs represent hydrogen bonds include a fifth type of base, ______, in place of the T in DNA.

Answer 26

Uracil (U)

Question 27

Transcription is also called ______

Answer 27

Gene Expression

Question 28

In _________, each three RNA bases in a row attact another type of RNA that functions as a connector, bringing in a particular amino acid.

Answer 28

Translation

Question 29

It provides the trait associated with genes

Answer 29

Proteins

Question 30

A change in a gene is a ______, and it can have an effect at the whole-person level such as a disease.

Answer 30

Mutation

Question 31

- The same protein-encoding gene may vary slightly in DNA base sequence from person to person. These gene variants are called _________. - Alternate form of a gene

Answer 31

Alleles

Question 32

Has an effect when present in just one copy (one chromosomes)

Answer 32

Dominant Allele

Question 33

Must be present on both chromosomes of a pair to be expressed.

Answer 33

Recessive Allele

Question 34

Mutations that have no detechable effect because they do not change the encoded protein in a way that affects its functions are sometimes called _______

Answer 34

Gene Variants

Question 35

a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene.

Answer 35

Gene Variants

Question 36

The DNA sequence of the human genome are grouped among 23 structures called _______________

Answer 36

chromosomes

Question 37

The use, or expression of different subsets of genes to manufacture proteins drives the ___________ or specialization, of distinctive cell types.

Answer 37

Differentiation

Question 38

Groups of differentiated cells assembled and interact with each other and the nonliving materials that they secrete to form aggregiates called ____________

Answer 38

Tissues

Question 39

A human __________ (non-sex cell) has 23 pairs of chromosomes, equaling two complete sets of genetic information (genomes).

Answer 39

Somatic Cell

Question 40

The 22 of these 23 pairs are ________, which do not differ between sexes.

Answer 40

Autosomes

Question 41

The other 2 chromosomes, the X and the Y, are the _____________

Answer 41

Sex Chromosomes

Question 42

A female has two ____________

Answer 42

X chromosomes

Question 43

A male has one _____________

Answer 43

X and Y chromosomes

Question 44

- it display the chromosomes pairs from largest to smallest - An size-order chart of chromosomes pairs.

Answer 44

Karyotypes

Question 45

A trait caused predominantly by a single gene is termed ________________, named for _________________, who discovered the patterns of trait transmission.

Answer 45

Mendelian Gregor Mendel

Question 46

It means that they are determined by one or more genes and environmental factors. - A trait that does not follow Mendelian Inheritance patterns, is likely dervied from multiple genes, and exhibits a large variety of phenotypes.

Answer 46

Complex Traits

Question 47

- Refers to the underlying DNA instructions (alleles, present) - The allele combinations in an indivdual that cause traits or disease.

Answer 47

Genetype

Question 48

Visible trait, biochemical changes, or effect on health (alleles expressed)

Answer 48

Phenotype

Question 49

- depict the members of a family and indicate which individuals have particular inherited traits - A chart of symbols connected by lines that depicts the genetic relationships of and transmission of inherited traits in a family.

Answer 49

Pedigrees

Question 50

All the alleles in the population

Answer 50

Gene Pool

Question 51

Refers to the techniques, statistical analyses and machine learning approaches that are used to compare DNA sequences between and among indivdual.

Answer 51

DNA profiling

Question 52

It can provide views into past epidemics

Answer 52

DNA Testing

Question 53

All the of the organisms that live in and on another organisms.

Answer 53

Microbiome

Question 54

Testing for a gene variant that affects metabolism of a specific drug.

Answer 54

Pharmacogenetics

Question 55

It means altering a gene or genome in a way that does not occur in nature

Answer 55

Gene Modification

Question 56

GMO

Answer 56

Genetically Modified Organisms

Question 57

Adding a gene from one species to the genome of another, to program production of a desired protein or trait.

Answer 57

Recombinant DNA Technology

Question 58

Creating double-stranded breaks in the DNA double helix, enabling insertion or removal of a specific sequence.

Answer 58

Genome Editing