The integumentary system (1)

Question 1

Components of the integumentary system

Answer 1

1. skin
2. hair
3. nails
4. some nerves
5. some glands

Question 2

Functions of the intergumentary system

Answer 2

1. shiel/barrier to external environment
2. protects against disease and infection
3. regulates body temperature
4. touch/sensitivity
5. retention of body fluids (stores water and prevent dehydration)

Question 3

Langerhans cells

Answer 3

• a type of white blood cell that act like macrophanges to digest and breakdown bacteria
• activated during healing process + microbial and viral infections
• Found in al layers fo the epidermis
• more abundant in the squameous layer

Question 4

Structure (layers) of the skin

Answer 4

1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Subcutaneous adipose layer

Question 5

What is the epidermis ?

Answer 5

• most superfecial layer of the skin
• made up of epithelial tissue
• eithelial cells are specilaised in stratified layers
• makes a sucessful barrier

Question 6

they are 4

What are the different layers of the epidermis ?

Answer 6

1. Granular layer
2. The basal layer
3. Specialised cells called CORNEOCYTES
4. Squamous epithelial tissue

Question 7

Basal layer

Answer 7

• column like epithelial cells
• regular shape and size
• attached to basement membrane

Question 8

Squamous epithelial tissue

Answer 8

• epithelial cells are flat
• organisation is irregular
• 5-10 cells thick

Question 9

Granular layer

Answer 9

• cells contain granules (e.g melanin)
• contains protective products to increase skin barrier function
• protect from UV lights
• 1-3 cells thick

Question 10

Specilaised cells: Corneocytes

Answer 10

• filled entirely with KERATIN
• no nucleus
• kertin stops water loss from inside
• prevents penetration of water from outside

Question 11

Melanocytes

Answer 11

• it is a pigment syhthesising cells
• cell found in the epidermis (hair$iris)
• responsible for the production of melanin
• responsible for the transportation to Karatinocytes via melnosome
• Large melanasomes are found in heviligy pigmented areas of the skin
• melanososmes are taken up into keratinocytes and protect from the UV radiations

Question 12

What is the dermis ?

Answer 12

• **Deepr layer of the skin **
• contains extracellular matrix (collagen)
• contains fibroblasts (speicialised celll) that produce collagen giving* **flexibility ad structure **
• thickest layer
• has its own blood supply

Question 13

what are the 2 layers of the dermis ?

Answer 13

1. papilary dermis
2. reticular dermis

Question 14

what are the 2 layers of the dermis ?

Answer 14

1. papilary dermis
2. reticular dermis

Question 15

papillary dermis

Answer 15

1. uppermost layer
2. joined to basal memembrane of epidermis
3. loosely arranged collagen
4. contains papillae (finger-like), extend towards epidermis containing capillaries and Meissners corpuscleus

Question 16

reticular dermis

Answer 16

1. lower layer
2. dense connective tissue, desnley packed collagen and elestic fibres
3. contains roots of hair (sebaceous glands and seat glands )

Question 16

reticular dermis

Answer 16

1. lower layer
2. dense connective tissue, desnley packed collagen and elestic fibres
3. contains roots of hair (sebaceous glands and seat glands )

Question 17

subcutaneous adipose tissue

Answer 17

1. helps with thermoregulation
2. stores energy for use
3. controles some hormones
4. made up of fat (adipose tissue)

Question 18

what are the 2 types of skin aging ?

Answer 18

1. Chronologically aged skin
2. Photoaged skin

Question 19

what are the chracteristics of Chronologically aged skin ?

Answer 19

• thin
• dry
• finley wrinkled

Question 20

what are the chracteristics of
phototaged skin

Answer 20

• caused by esposure to sunlight
• leathery
• lax deep wrickles
• uneven pigmenetation
• telangiectasia (visible blood vessels)
• lentigines (age/brown spots)

Question 21

what are the reduced functions in aging skin?

Answer 21

1. slower healing reponse
2. loss of elasticity
3. reduction in collagen
4. damaged GAGs (less water retention within ECM)

Question 22

what are the theories of skin aging?

Answer 22

1. Oxidative stress
2. Mitochondrial dysfunction
3. Celleular senescence
4. UV radiation

Question 23

what is trans epidermal water loss ?
(TEWL)

Answer 23

• when water passes from dermis thorugh to epidermis and evaporates from surface of the skin
• causes dry skin

Question 24

Main functions of moisturisers

Answer 24

1. increase water content of the STRATUM CORNEUM 2. smooths skin 3. anti inflammatory properties 4. Can stop skin itching

Question 25

How do moisturisers work on skin?

Answer 25

1. Occlusives 2. Emollients 3. Humecrants

Question 26

How do occlusives work ?

Answer 26

1. act as barrier on top of stratus corneum 2. stops water from escaping skin 3. streghntens lipid framework 4. long acting (e.g vasiline)

Question 26

How do occlusives work ?

Answer 26

1. act as barrier on top of stratus corneum 2. stops water from escaping skin 3. streghntens lipid framework 4. long acting (e.g vasiline)

Question 27

How do emollients work ?

Answer 27

1. penetrate stratus corneus 2. fill spaces between corneocytes (e.g E45)

Question 28

How do emollients work ?

Answer 28

1. enter stratum corneum, attracts moisture from the environment and retains it in the stratum corneum 2. componenet of many moistures (e.g butylene, urea)