The Integumentary System

Question 1

Integumentary SystemSkin

Answer 1

Primary Functions:
Protection – infections, prevents dehydration
Temperature Regulation – sweat, blood flow.
Sensation
Excretion – removal of waste
Synthesizes Vitamin D – when exposed to sunlight, converts Vitamin D into a calcium level regulator

Question 2

3 Layers of Skin

Answer 2

Epidermis (Cutaneous Layer)
Dermis
Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer),

Question 3

Epidermis

Answer 3

Thin, outer layer

Stratified squamous epithelium
Consists of 5 layers:
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Germinativum (Basale),

Question 4

EpidermisStratum Basale

Answer 4

Deepest layer (closest to dermis)
Rich blood supply
Continuously dividing
.Melanocytes produce melanin>
responsible for skin pigment
.As the cells divide and move away further from the blood supply, they begin to die  causes the cytoplasm to be replaced with keratin
.Keratin is a protein that is very tough

Question 5

EpidermisStratum Spinosum

Answer 5

Made of active keratinocytes – producing keratin

Melanin protects keratinocytes from UV light and regulates Vitamin D production, toughst and waterproof the skin

Question 6

EpidermisStratum Granulosum

Answer 6

Dead keratinized cells are more superficial and deeper cells are alive

This layer contains keratin and a lipid-based substance which provides water-resistance

Question 7

EpidermisStratum Lucidum

Answer 7

Made up of a single layer of translucent dead keratinized cells

Only found in palm of hand and plantar surface of the feet

Question 8

EpidermisStratum Corneum

Answer 8

Surface layer of epidermis

Made up of multiple layers of dead keratinized cells/we shed them that is why the tan goes away

Question 10

What is the dermis commonly referred to as?

Answer 10

True skin

Question 11

What type of tissue is the dermis made of?

Answer 11

Dense fibrous tissue packed with collagen and elastin

Question 12

What happens to the dermis as we age?

Answer 12

It weakens, leading to wrinkles

Question 13

What can cause stretch marks in the dermis?

Answer 13

Too much stretch

Question 14

What are the two layers of the dermis?

Answer 14

• Papillary Layer (superficial)
• Reticular Layer (deeper)

Question 15

Where are tattoos injected in the skin?

Answer 15

Into the papillary layer of the dermis

Question 16

What are epidermal ridges, and what do they create?

Answer 16

Variations in elevation of the papillary layer that create fingerprints

Question 17

What is found in the reticular layer of the dermis?

Answer 17

Nerve endings for pain sensation

Question 18

What is the hypodermis also known as?

Answer 18

Subcutaneous Layer

Question 19

What type of tissue primarily composes the hypodermis?

Answer 19

Loose connective tissue and adipose tissue

Question 20

Where is the hypodermis located in relation to the dermis?

Answer 20

Under the dermis

Question 21

What is the primary function of the hypodermis?

Answer 21

Connects the skin to underlying structures of the body

Question 22

Is the hypodermis considered part of the skin?

Answer 22

No

Question 23

What cosmetic procedure is commonly performed in the hypodermis?

Answer 23

Liposuction

Question 24

Fill in the blank: The hypodermis is made of _______ tissue and fat.

Answer 24

loose connective

Question 25

Skin Repair

Answer 25

Fibrosis Skin is healed with scar tissue and normal function is not returned Regeneration Skin is healed with the same tissue and normal function is returned

Question 26

Accessory Structures of the Skin

Answer 26

Hair Nail Glands

Question 27

Hair

Answer 27

Helps with light touch sensation Protects eyes from dust, perspiration and sunlight Helps with temperature regulation Traps particles in the nasal passageway Color is genetically controlled and determined by the amount of melanin

Question 28

Hair Parts (2)

Answer 28

Root  extends from the dermis to the surface where follicles are Shaft  above the skin surface

Question 29

Arrector Pili Muscles

Answer 29

Smooth muscle that contracts and makes hair “stand up” or give “goosebumps”/involuntary

Question 31

What are the two types of sweat glands?

Answer 31

Apocrine and Eccrine ## Footnote Apocrine glands are located around hair follicles in the armpit and anogenital region, while eccrine glands are more numerous and important for temperature regulation.

Question 32

Where are apocrine sweat glands located?

Answer 32

Around hair follicles in armpit and anogenital region ## Footnote These glands become active during adolescence.

Question 33

What activity leads to body odor (BO)?

Answer 33

Increased activity of apocrine sweat glands ## Footnote Apocrine glands become active during adolescence, leading to body odor.

Question 34

What is the function of eccrine sweat glands?

Answer 34

Temperature regulation ## Footnote Eccrine sweat glands are more numerous and play a critical role in maintaining body temperature through sweat.

Question 35

What are sebaceous glands commonly referred to as?

Answer 35

Oil glands ## Footnote Sebaceous glands grow where hair grows and are responsible for lubricating and waterproofing the skin.

Question 36

What happens when sebaceous glands are blocked?

Answer 36

Pimple ## Footnote Blockages in sebaceous glands can lead to the formation of pimples due to the buildup of oil.

Question 37

Fill in the blank: Apocrine sweat glands lead to ______ with increased activity.

Answer 37

body odor ## Footnote Increased activity of apocrine sweat glands during adolescence is associated with body odor.

Question 38

True or False: Eccrine sweat glands are more numerous than apocrine sweat glands.

Answer 38

True ## Footnote Eccrine glands outnumber apocrine glands and are crucial for temperature regulation.

Question 39

What do sebaceous glands do for the skin?

Answer 39

Lubricate and waterproof the skin ## Footnote The secretion from sebaceous glands helps maintain skin hydration and protection.

Question 40

Skin Cancer

Answer 40

Squamous Cell Carcinoma Slow growing, malignant tumor of epithelial cells  metastasizes if untreated Basal Cell Carcinoma/ basal layer Most common type of skin cancer Less likely to metastasize Melanoma Most serious form Usually develops from a dark pigmented mole and spreads Use “ABCDE” rule (Asymmetry, Borders, Color, Diameter and Evolving)

Question 41

ABCDE” rule

Answer 41

Asymmetry, Borders, Color, Diameter and Evolving

Question 42

What is the Rule of Nines used for?

Answer 42

To determine the extent of the burn injury in adults ## Footnote The Rule of Nines divides the body into sections, each representing 9% of total body surface area.

Question 43

How many areas does the body get divided into according to the Rule of Nines?

Answer 43

11 areas of 9% each, plus genitals being 1% ## Footnote This method provides a quick way to assess burn severity and guide treatment.

Question 44

What percentage of the body does the front of a leg account for in the Rule of Nines?

Answer 44

9% ## Footnote The back of the leg also accounts for 9%, making the total for one leg 18%.

Question 45

What is the percentage for each arm in the Rule of Nines?

Answer 45

4.5% ## Footnote Each arm, both front and back, contributes to a total of 9% for the arms combined.

Question 46

Fill in the blank: The genitals account for _______ in the Rule of Nines.

Answer 46

1% ## Footnote This is a specific consideration in calculating total body surface area affected by burns.

Question 47

1st Degree

Answer 47

Partial thickness Red, minimal pain Minimal destruction Sunburn

Question 48

2nd Degree

Answer 48

Partial thickness Red, painful, edema, and swelling Blistering Involves deep epidermal layer

Question 49

3rd Degree

Answer 49

Full thickness Complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis No pain, as sensory receptors are destroyed Great risk of infection