The Integumentary System: The Protective Covering Flashcards by Brithi A.

What are some components of the integumentary system?

Skin, hair, nails, and associated glands

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What is the largest organ?

The skin

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What are the three layers of the skin?

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous or hypodermis

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What is the outer layer of the skin called?

The epidermis

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The cells on the surface of the epidermis are constantly shedding and being replaced with new cells that arise from what region of the skin?

The stratum basale

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The outermost layer is a layer of dead cells called the?

Stratum corneum

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What layer of cells has flat, scaly, keratinized epithelial cells?

The stratum corneum

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Specialized cels that are located deep in the epidermis and are responsible for skin color is called?

Melanocytes

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This cell produces melanin, a substance that causes skin color

Melanocytes

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Variation in the skin color is the result of the amount of ?

Melanin produced and how it is distributed

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This pigment gives a yellowish hue to the skin ?

Carotene

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This pigment gives a pinkish hue and is derived from the ?

Hemoglobin in the blood

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The color of the skin can indicate?

Disease

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When liver disease occurs, the body can’t break down bilirubin. This buildup gives the the skin color of?

Deeper yellow color (Jaundice)

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A malfunctioning adrenal gland can cause the skin to turn?

bronze due to excessive melanin

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Excessive bruising could indicate ?

Skin, blood, or circulatory problems

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A blue coloring of the skin, results from a drop in blood oxygen called?

Cyanosis

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The layer below, or deep, to the epidermis is the ?

Dermis layer

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Allows you to sense what is happening in your environment?

Nerve fibers

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Vasodilation of capillaries in the dermis layer causes ?

Blushing

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Collagen and elastic fibers allow for the ?

Elasticity of the skin, preventing the tearing of the skin with movement

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They allow skin to return to normal shape during periods of rest?

Collagen and elastic fibers

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Older people lose some of this elasticity, leading to wrinkles

Collagen and elastic fibers

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What are the two main types of sudoriferous or sweat gland?

Apocrine sweat gland
Eccrine glands

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Secrete at the hair follicles in the groin and anal region as well as the armpits and become active around puberty and are believed to act as sexual attractants

Apocrine sweat glands

This type of sweat is yellowish in color and potentially odorous

Apocrine sweat glands

Found in greater numbers on your palms, feet, forehead, and upper lip and are important in the regulation of temperature

Eccrine glands

The body has ______ sweat glands

3 million

Sweat from _____ has no odor, but bacteria degrades the substances in the sweat over time into chemicals that give off strong smells commonly known as body odors.

Eccrine sweat glands

Sebaceous glands play an important role by?

Secreting oil, or sebum

Keeps the skin from drying out and (due to its acidic nature) helps destroy some pathogens on the skins surface

Sebum

The innermost layer of the skin is the ?

Subcutaneous fascia or hypodermis

This layer is composed of elastic and fibrous connective tissue and fatty tissue

Subcutaneous fascia

This cell produce the fat needed to provide padding to protect the deeper tissues of the body and act as insulation for temperature regulation

Lipocytes or fat cells

Fascia attaches to the ?

Muscles of the body

How the skin heals if the skin is punctured and the wound damages blood vessels ……..?

1. The wound fills with blood 2. Blood contains substances that cause clotting 3. The top part of the clot exposed to air hardens to form a scab (natures band-aid) 4. Forming a barrier and preventing pathogens from entering

In minor wounds the dermis will eventually ?

Regenerate

In severe wounds, the dermis will be?

Replaced by a scar

Burns can be caused by ?

Heat, chemicals, electricity, or radiation.

What are the two factors that affect the assessments of damage ?

Depth Amount of area damaged

The depth of a burn relates to the layer or layers of ?

Skin affected by the burn

First degree burns damage only the?

Outer layer or epidermis

What are the symptoms of first degree burns ?

Includes redness, pain, but not blisters

In a first degree burn the pain subsides within?

2-3 days and there is no scarring, complete healing takes about a week

Second degree burns involve the entire depth of the?

Epidermis and a portion of the dermis

What are the symptoms of second degree burns ?

Redness, pain, and blistering

The extent of blistering is dependent on the ?

Depth of the burn

How long to do blister take to heal ?

With 10-14 days if there are no complications, with deeper second degree burns take 1-3 1/2 months

Scarring is common in what degree of burn ?

Second degree burn

Third degree burns affect what layers of the skin?

All three layers of the skin

How does the third degree burn affect the skin?

The surface of the burn has a leathery feel and will range in color from black, brown, tan, red, or white

In a third degree burn the victims feel no pain because?

The pain receptors are destroyed

What is destroyed in a third degree burn?

Sweat and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, and blood vessels

Fourth degree burns are the worst burns because ?

The burns penetrate the bone and cause bone damage

The rule of nines is used to estimate the?

Extent of area damaged by burns

The body is divided into the following regions with each given a percentage of the body surface are a value?

Head and neck — 9% Each upper limb — 9% (2 X 9 = 18%) Front of trunk — 18% Back of trunk and buttocks —18% Front of legs — 18% Back of legs — 18% Perineum (including anus and urogenital region) —1%

The clinical concerns for burn victims relate to the functions of the skin already discussed, including:

Bacterial infections Fluid loss Heat loss

Severe burns require healing steps at an ?

Intensity level of the body can’t manage on its own

Damaged skin must be removed (debridement) as soon as possible to?

Prevent infection so that skin grafting can be started

Autografting is ?

Using the patients own skin

Heterografting (from a donor) is require ?

The patient suffered a large are of burn and has little healthy skin to graft

Grafting requires many trips to the OR because ?

Large areas can’t be done all at once and often the grafts don’t “take”

As these cells grow out and over the nail bed, they become?

Keratinized forming a substance similar to the horns on a bull

The cuticle is a fold of ?

Tissue that covers the nail root

Nails normally grow ?

1 mm every week

The pink color of the nail comes from the ?

Vascularization of the tissue under the nails

The white half-moon shaped area, or ____ is a result of the ?

Lunula, thicker layer of cells at the base

Body hair helps to regulate ?

Body temperature and functions as a sensor to help detect things on your skin

The eyelash helps to protect ?

Our eyes from foreign objects

Hair in the nose helps to?

Filter out particulate matter

Visible hair is composed of fibrous protein called?

Keratin

The hair you see is called _____ with the root extending down into the dermis to the follicle

The shaft

The _____ is formed by the epithelial cells with a rich source of blood provided by the dermal blood vessels

Follicle

Cells divide and grow in the base of the follicle, older cells are pushed away and die, so the shaft of the hair is compromised of _____?

Dead cells

Your hair color is dependent on the amount and type of__?

Melanin you produce

The more melanin, the darker your hair. White hair occurs in?

The absence of melanin

Part of the regulation of temperature is accomplished by?

Changes in the size of blood vessels

Vasodilation exposes ?

Heated blood to external cooling air

Vasoconstriction keeps cooling of?

Blood to a minimum when its cold outside

Shivering causes muscle activity that___?

Produces heat to warm you when your’e cold

Hair on your skin stand erect when arrest or pili muscles contracts; this is known as ?

Goose bumps

A single affected patch of skin is a ?

Lesion

Your skin is the largest organ that _____?

Acts as a barrier to infection and injury Regulates temperature Stores fat; synthesizes and produces vitamin D Elimination of water, salts and urea

Glands secrete oil to moisturize ___?

Waterproof, and control body temperature

Burns are assessed based on the severity of burns by?

Depth of burn and area covered

The layer of the skin that contains dead cells is?

Epidermis

The dermis contains?

Nerve endings Blood vessels Sweat and oil glands

A minor sunburn would be considered a ____ degree burn.

1st

The scab protecting a wound is actually a ?

Blood clot

The hair root is located in the?

Dermis

In cold weather, peripheral blood vessels generally?

Vasoconstrict

Muscles attached to hair on your skin that aid temperature regulation are?

Arrector pili

The Integumentary System: The Protective Covering Flashcards

(92 cards)