The Leg Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Compartments of the leg
A
Anterior, lateral, posterior compartments
2
Q
Which structure separates the anterior and posterior compartments?
A
Interosseous membrane
3
Q
Which structure separates the anterior and lateral compartments?
A
Anterior intermuscular septum
4
Q
Which structure separates the lateral and posterior compartments?
A
Posterior intermuscular septum
5
Q
The strong, broad band of deep fascia, passing from the fibula to tibia, proximal to the malleoli to prevent anterior bowstringing of the tendons during dorsiflexion
A
Superior extensor retinaculum
6
Q
Function of the retinaculum on the ankle joints
A
Prevents ankle joints from bowstringing anteriorly during dorsiflexion of the joint
7
Q
The Y-shaped band of deep fascia that attaches to the anterosuperior surface of the calcaneous to loop aroung the tendons of the fibularis tertius and the extensor digitorum longus muscles
A
Inferior extensor retinaculum
8
Q
Dorsiflexion of the ankle has a range of how much from neutral?
A
about 20 degrees
9
Q
Which muscle controls the lowering of the forefoot to the floor following heel strike?
A
Tibialis anterior
10
Q
The most medial and superficial dorsiflexor
A
Tibialis anterior
11
Q
The strongest dorsiflexor
A
Tibialis anterior
12
Q
Tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior are synergists in flexing the ankle. T/F
A
F
They are antagonists at the ankle joint, but synergists in inverting the foot.
13
Q
Muscle that acts as synergist to tibialis anterior when inverting the foot
A
Tibialis posterior
14
Q
Most lateral of the anterior leg muscles
A
Extensor digitorum longus
15
Q
The muscle whose tendon attaches to the 5th metatarsal instead of to a phalanx
A
Fibularis tertius
16
Q
Fibularis tertius is not always present. T/F
A
T
17
Q
Innervation of the anterior compartment
A
Deep fibular nerve
18
Q
Actions of the tibialis anterior
A
Dorsiflexes ankle,
Inverts foot
19
Q
Actions of fibularis tetrius
A
Dorsiflexes ankle,
Everts foot
20
Q
Actions of extensor digitorum longus
A
Dorsiflexes ankle,
Extends lateral four digits
21
Q
Actions of extensor hallucis longus
A
Dorsiflexes ankle,
Extends big toe
22
Q
Extensor hallucis longus is deep between which muscles superiorly?
A
Tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus
23
Q
Innervation of the tibialis anterior
A
Deep fibular nerve
24
Q
Innervation of the fibularis tertius
A
Deep fibular nerve
25
Innervation of extensor digitorum longus
Deep fibular nerve
26
Innervation of extensor hallucis longus
Deep fibular nerve
27
The deep fibular nerve is a branch of which nerve?
Common fibular nerve
28
The terminal branches of the common fibular nerve
Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve and deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
29
The deep peroneal nerve arises between which structures?
The fibularis longus muscle and the neck of the fibula
30
The deep peroneal nerve accompanies which muscle when it enters the anterior compartment?
Tibialis anterior
31
Proximally, the deep peroneal nerve is between which muscles?
Tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus
32
Distally, the deep peroneal nerve is between which muscles?
Tibialis anterior and extensor hallucis longus
33
The deep fibular nerve innervates which structures
Anterior muscles of the leg (TA, EHL, FT, EDL), dorsum of foot, skin of first interdigital cleft, joints it crosses
34
Lesion of the deep fibular nerve results in which inability?
Dorsiflex ankle (foot drop)
35
Which artery supplies the anterior compartment?
Anterior tibial artery
36
Arterial supply of the fibularis tertius
Anterior tibial artery
37
Arterial supply of the extensor digitorum longus
Anterior tibial artery
38
Arterial supply of the extensor hallucis longus
Anterior tibial artery
39
Arterial supply of the tibialis anteior
Anterior tibial artery
40
The anterior tibial artery supplies which muscles?
Anterior compartment (tibialis anterior, fibularis tertius, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus)
41
The anterior tibial artery is the smaller terminal branch of which artery
Popliteal artery
42
At the ankle joint, midway between the malleoli the anterior tibial artery becomes which artery?
Dorsal pedis artery
43
The smallest (narrowest) compartment of the leg
Lateral compartment
44
The lateral compartment ends inferiorly with the superior extensor retinaculum. T/F
F
It ends with the superior fibular retinaculum.
45
The superior fibular retinaculum spans which structures?
The distal tip of the fibula and the calcaneous
46
The fibularis brevis and fibularis longus enter a common synovial sheath to accommodate their passage between the superior fibular retinaculum and the lateral malleolus. T/F
T
47
Muscles of the lateral compartment
Fibularis longus, fibularis brevis
48
Action of the muscles of the lateral compartment
```
Evertion of the foot,
Plantarflexes ankle (weakly)
```
49
Action of fibularis longus
```
Evertion of the foot,
Plantarflexes ankle (weakly)
```
50
Action of fibularis brevis
```
Evertion of the foot,
Plantarflexes ankle (weakly)
```
51
More superficial of the two fibularis muscles
Fibularis longus
52
When a person stands on one foot, the fibularis longus helps steady the leg on the foot. T/F
T
53
Fibularis tertius is a slip muscle from which muscle?
Extensor digitorum longus
54
Innervation of the lateral compartment
Superficial fibular nerve
55
Innervation of the fibularis brevis muscle
Superficial fibular nerve
56
Innervation of the fibularis longus muscle
Superficial fibular nerve
57
The superficial fibular nerve is a terminal branch of which nerve?
Common fibular /peroneal nerve
58
The lateral compartment has no arteries coursing though it. T/F
T
59
The lateral compartment gets its blood supply from which vessels?
Perforating vessels of the anterior tibial vessels and femoral vessels
60
Which structure does the perforating arteries of the tibial artery pierce proximally to supply and drain the lateral compartment?
Anterior intermuscular septum
61
Which structure does the perforating vessels of the femoral vessels pierce distally to supply and drain the lateral compartment?
Posterior intermuscular septum
62
The largest of the three leg compartments
Posterior compartment
63
Which structure divides the posterior compartment into superficial and deep?
Transverse intermuscular septum
64
Innervation of the posterior compartment
Tibial nerve
65
The blood vessels and nerve supplying the posterior compartment pass through the deep subcompartment. T/F
T
66
Plantarflexion is four times stronger than dorsiflexion. T/F
T
67
Superficial muscles of the posterior compartment
Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris
68
Muscles which compose triceps surae
Two heads of gastrocnemius, soleus
69
You stroll with the soleus but win the long jump with the gastocnemius. T/F
T
70
The most superficial muscle in the posterior compartment
Gastrocnemius
71
Most prominent part of the calf
Gastrocnemius
72
Gastrocnemius has mostly what type of fibers
White, fast-twitch/ type 2
73
The gastrocnemius can act on the knee and on the ankle, but not at the same time. T/F
T
74
The gastrocnemius functions most effectively when?
When knee is extended
75
Workhorse of plantarflexion
Soleus
76
The soleus can plantarflex the ankle independent of the position of the knee. T/F
T
77
The gastrocnemius plantarflexes the ankle when the knee is flexed. T/F
F
It plantarflexes ankle when the knee is extended.
78
Actions of the gastrocnemius
Plantarflexes ankle when knee is extended;
Flexes leg,
Raises heel when walking
79
Actions of soleus
Plantarflexes ankle independent of the position of the knee, steadies leg on foot
80
The soleus can act on the knee joint. T/F
F
81
The soleus acts alone when the knee is flexed. T/F
T
82
Which muscles pulls bones of the foot posteriorly when the foot is planted?
Soleus
83
Innervation of the plantaris
Tibial nerve
84
Innervation of the gastrocnemius
Tibial nerve
85
Innervation of the soleus
Tibial nerve
86
Predominant muscle fibers of the soleus
Slow-twitch type/ type 1
87
During symmetrical standing, the soleus is continuously active. T/F
T
88
The plantaris acts with gastrocnemius but is insignificant as either flexor of knee or plantarflexor of ankle. T/F
T
89
The tendon of which muscle is known as "freshman's nerve"?
Plantaris
90
The plantaris muscle causes disability when removed. T/F
F
It can be removed for grafting.
91
Deep muscles of the posterior compartment
Popliteus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior
92
During flexion of the knee, popliteus muscle assists in pulling posteriorly which structure of the knee joint?
Lateral meniscus
93
Which structure of the knee joint does the popliteus assist in pulling to prevent anterior displacement of the femur on the inclines tibial plateau when a person is standing with the knee partly flexed?
Posterior crucial ligament (PCL)
94
Innervation of the popliteus muscle
Tibial nerve
95
Action of the popliteus mucle
Flexes knee 5 degrees on fixed tibia to unlock it,
| Medially rotates tibia of unplanted limb
96
The powerful flexor of all the joints of the great toe
Flexor hallucis longus
97
```
The tendon that goes behind the medial malleolus
A. tibialis anterior
B. flexor hallucis longus
C. peronius longus
D. achilles tendon
```
B
98
Fibularis brevis and longus produce the same action. T/F
T
```
Evertion of foot,
Plantarflexes ankle (weakly)
```
99
This muscle delivers the final thrust of the preswing phase of the gait cycle via flexion of the great toe
Flexor hallucis longus
100
The distal tendon of the FHL passes posterior the distal end of which bone?
Tibia
101
Which bones protects the FHL tendon from pressure of the head of the 1st metatarsal bone?
Sesamoid bones (2)
102
Which is smaller FDL or FHL?
FDL
103
The direction of pull of the FDL is realigned by which muscle?
Quadratus plantae muscle
104
Tibialis posterior attaches primarily to which tarsal bone?
Navicular bone
105
Action of the flexor hallucis longus
```
Flexes all joints of the great toe,
Plantarflexes ankle (weakly),
Supports medial longitudinal arch
```
106
Action of flexor digitorum longus
Flexes lateral digits,
Plantarflexes ankle,
Supports longitudinal arch
107
Action of tibialis posterior
Plantarflexes ankle,
Inverts foot,
Support medial longitudinal arch during weight bearing
108
Deepest muscle in the posterior compartment
Tibialis posterior
109
At the ankle, the tibial nerve lies between the tendons of which muscles?
FHL and FDL
110
The medial sural cutaneous nerve is a branch of which nerve?
Tibial nerve
111
The medial sural nerve is joined by which nerve to form the sural nerve?
Sural communicating branch of the common fibular nerve
112
The sural nerve is the union of which nerves?
Sural communicating branch of the common fibular nerve and the medial sural cutaneous nerve
113
What does the sural nerve supply?
The skin of the lateral and posterior part of the inferior third of the leg,
Lateral side of the foot
114
Arterial supply of the posterior compartment
Posterior tibial artery
115
The posterior tibial artery is a branch of which artery?
Popliteal artery
116
The largest branch of the posterior tibial artery
Fibular artery
117
The fibular artery is a branch of which artery
Posterior tibial artery
118
Increase pressure in the anterior compartment (legs), compresses what structure?
A. Anterior tibial artery
B. Posterior tibial artery
C. Peroneal artery
A
119
```
A middle aged badminton player felt a snap when he lunged to hit the ball. Afterwards, he could no longer tiptoe on his affected foot. What structure is affected?
A. deltoid ligament
B. Anterior talofibular ligament
C. Tendon of achilles
D. peroneal tendons
```
C
120
Deep to the flexor retinaculum and the origin of the abductor hallucis, the posterior tibial artery divides into these arteries
Medial and lateral plantar arteries
121
The largest and most important branch of the tibial artery
Fibular artery
122
The nutrient artery of the fibula arises from this artery
Fibular artery
