The Leg

Question 1

Which two long bones make up the osteology of the leg?

Answer 1

Tibia and Fibula

Question 2

Anteriorly, which long bone is most lateral?

Answer 2

Fibula

Question 3

From superior to inferior, what are the main features of the tibia?

Answer 3

Intercondylar eminence
Lateral and medial condyles
Tibial tuberosity
Shaft and IO border
Fibular Notch
Medial malleolus
Talar Articular Surface

Question 4

Which feature can be seen on the posterior surface of the tibia?

Answer 4

Soleal Line

Question 5

What is acute osetomyelitis?

Answer 5

A new bone infection

Question 6

Where is the tibia unprotected?

Answer 6

Anteromedially

Question 7

Why is the tibia the commonest long bone to be fractured?

Answer 7

Unprotected anteromedially

Slender in its lower third

Question 8

What is a compound injury?

Answer 8

When the bone breaks in such a way that fragments stick out through the skin or the wound penetrates down to open bone

Question 9

Why is the tibia good for donation for bone grafts?

Answer 9

Extensive subcutaneous surface

Question 10

From superior to inferior, what are the main features of the fibula?

Answer 10

Superior tibiofibular articular surface
Head of fibula
Neck of fibula
Shaft of fibula
Lateral malleolus

Question 11

What are the functions of the interosseous membrane in the leg?

Answer 11

A form of fibrous going which separates the muscles of anterior and posterior compartments as well as unite the long bones of the leg. Also acts as a site for muscle attachment

Question 12

What is the function of the superior aperture in the interosseous membrane?

Answer 12

Passage of the anterior tibial vessels

Question 13

What is the function of the inferior aperture in the interosseous membrane?

Answer 13

Passage of the anterior perineal vessels

Question 14

Which muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 14

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longs
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius

Question 15

What is the collective function of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 15

Dorsiflexion and inversion at the ankle

Question 16

Which nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior compartment?

Answer 16

The deep fibular nerve (L4-L5)

Question 17

Which vessel supplies the muscles of the anterior compartment?

Answer 17

Anterior tibial artery

Question 18

Which of the 4 muscles in the anterior compartment is the strongest dorsiflexor of the foot?

Answer 18

Tibialis anterior

Question 19

What are the attachments of tibialis anterior?

Answer 19

Originates from the lateral surface of the tibia

Inserts on the medial cuneiform and the base of metatarsal I

Question 20

What is the arrangement of the muscles in the anterior compartment, from superficial to deep?

Answer 20

Tibialis anterior
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Extensor Hallucis Longus
(Fibularis tertius) - not present in all individuals

Question 21

Which muscle in the anterior compartment is not present in all individuals?

Answer 21

Fibularis tertius

Question 22

What are the attachments of extensor digitorum longus?

Answer 22

Originates from the lateral condyle of the tibia and the medial surface of the fibula

The fibres converge into a tendon, which travels to the dorsal surface of the foot. The tendon splits into four, each inserting onto the middle and distal phalynx of the lateral 4 toes

Question 23

What are the attachments of extensor hallucis longus?

Answer 23

Originates from the medial surface of the fibular shaft. The tendon crosses anterior to the ankle joint and attaches to the base of the distal phalanx of the great toe

Question 24

What are the attachments of fibulas tertius?

Answer 24

Originates with the extensor digitorum longus from the medial surface of the fibula. The tendon descends with the EDL, until they reach the dorsal surface of the foot. The fibularis tertius tendon then diverges and attaches to metatarsal V

Question 25

What is the function of fibularis longus?

Answer 25

Eversion and dorsiflexion of the foot

Question 26

Which muscle must be retracted in order to access the anterior tibial artery?

Answer 26

Extensor digitorum longus

Question 27

Describe the origin and course of the anterior tibial artery

Answer 27

Arises from the popliteal artery and passes from the posterior to anterior compartment via the superior hiatus in the interosseous membrane

Question 28

What is the deep fibular nerve a branch of?

Answer 28

The common fibular nerve

Question 29

What are the two muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg?

Answer 29

Fibularis (peroneus) longus | Fibularis (peroneus) brevis

Question 30

Where do the tendons of the muscles of the lateral compartment pass in relation to the lateral malleolus

Answer 30

Posterior

Question 31

What are the attachments of fibularis longus?

Answer 31

Origin: Superior and lateral surface of the fibula and the lateral tibial condyle Insertion: As a tendon, to the medial cuneiform and base of metatarsal 1

Question 32

What are the actions of fibularis longus?

Answer 32

Eversion and plantarflexion of the foot. Also supports the lateral and tranverse arches of the foot.

Question 33

What is the innervation of fibularis longus?

Answer 33

Superficial fibular (perineal) nerve (L4-S1)

Question 34

What are the attachments of fublaris brevis

Answer 34

It originates from the inferior and lateral surface of the fibular shaft. The muscle belly forms a tendon, which descends with the fibularis longus tendon. It travels into the foot, posterior to the lateral malleolus, passing over the calcaneus and the cuboidal bones. The tendon of the fibularis brevis attaches to a tubercle on metatarsal V

Question 35

What are the actions of fubularis bravis?

Answer 35

Eversion of the ankle

Question 36

What is the innervation of fibularis brevis?

Answer 36

Superior fibular (perineal) nerve L4-S1

Question 37

What is the arrangement of the tendons from the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg at the medial malleolus, anterior to posterior.

Answer 37

Tom, Dick And Very Nervous Harry ``` Tibialis posterior flexor Digitorum longus posterior tibial Artery posterior tibial Vein tibial Nerve flexor Hallicus longus ```