The Liberal State, 1911-1918

Question 1

When did Italy go to war with Libya?

Answer 1

1911

Question 2

What was the political system used by Giolitti

Answer 2

Transformismo

Question 3

What was the crisis surrounding Italian entry into WW1

Answer 3

The intervention crisis

Question 4

What was an economic problem in 1911 involving the whole of Italy?

Answer 4

The North/ South divide, the north were significantly wealthier than the south who struggled to industrialise due to lack of funding.

Question 5

Why was the North/ South divide also a political/ social problem?

Answer 5

Because the lack of industrialisation in the South was driving people further north, and consequently building support for the more radical parties in the north.

Question 6

Why did Italy struggle with Industrialisation?

Answer 6

Lack of key resources such as coal, iron and steel meant that they were forced to import masses, including capital.

Question 7

What were significant domestic successes of Giolitti in 1911-14?

Answer 7

• Reformed Italian literacy levels, making significant progress until WW1 struck.
• Gained clear vocal support from the pope, meaning that catholics were keen for his leadership.
• Able to take credit for military success in Libya and the first new colony

Question 8

Domestic failures under Giolitti?

Answer 8

• Trade unions beginning to crop up, with over 250,000 members
• Police were left unreformed
• No real colonial expansion
• No increase in living standards despite lots of effort on industrialisation.

Question 9

What did the Italian political system consist of

Answer 9

• Senate (the upper house)

- The Chamber of Deputies (the elected lower House of Parliament)

Question 10

What was the constitution that guaranteed equality before the law, rights of free assembly and a free press

Answer 10

Statuto Albertino

Question 11

When was Giolitti prime minister

Answer 11

1903-14

Question 12

Why did Giolitti invade Libya September 1911

Answer 12

• there was fear that the french were going to attempt to take that region
• there was popular support for the invasion
• Giolitti hope that success in Libya would weaken the Nationalists support

Question 13

What was Giolitti’s relationship with the church like

Answer 13

• he was the first liberal to gain organised catholic vote
• the church had a great fear of socialism so this made them more likely to support the liberals as the socialists were not part of their coalisions
• the pope backed Giolitti in the 1913 elections

Question 14

What were his relations with the Nationalists like

Answer 14

• set up opposition to Giolitti as they felt he was too soft on the socialists
• first set up in 1910 an had immense support by 1914
• they were underestimated by Giolitti

Question 15

Why did Giolitti believe that the Catholic Church’s support was important

Answer 15

He believed that the Catholic support would counterweight to the socialists

Question 16

Due to the Libyan war what was the franchise extended to

Answer 16

All literate men over 21 years of age and all men regardless of literacy over the age of 30

Question 17

What were some of the reasons for why Italy invaded Libya

Answer 17

• Needs to assert its claims in the region
• Powerful business interests in Italy
  Popular enthusiasm for the invasion
  Giolitti hipped to weaken nationalist support

Question 18

What were the reasons for supporting neutrality for the war

Answer 18

• An alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary was unattractive to many
• Neutrality was seen as economically and militarily more favourable
• The catholics and the political parties of the left were opposed to intervention

Question 19

What were the reasons for the move to intervention in the war

Answer 19

• The nationalist movement
• The impact of the press
• The power of the police and the military

Question 20

When was Salandra prime minister

Answer 20

1914-16

Question 21

What year was the Treaty of London signed

Answer 21

1915

Question 22

What was the treaty of London

Answer 22

It was a secret treaty between neutral Italy and the allied forces of France, Britain and Russia to bring Italy into d War one

Question 23

When did Italy declare itself neutral in WW1

Answer 23

1914 August

Question 24

What allies did Italy side with

Answer 24

Triple entente

Question 25

What were the positives of the invasion

Answer 25

-huge success for the Italians as they managed to capture an overseas colony

Question 26

What were the negatives of the war

Answer 26

- Contrary to the belief of Giolitti the invasion increased support for the Nationalists as they claimed that they pressured Giolitti into the war and it was because of them that it was a success - they use their newspaper to enforce this message - Nationalists claimed that the war was poorly managed and Giolitti was responsible for the loss of life (3,500 troops) and huge cost (1,300 million lire) - the anti war Revolutionary socialists took over from the moderate socialists who were previously in charge of the movement - after the war there was an extension of franchise introduced as a reward for those who fought - these new voters did not support the liberals

Question 27

Why did Giolitti resign 21 march 1914

Answer 27

- his alliances had fallen apart | - radicals would no longer support a government that was becoming increasingly reliant on catholic support.

Question 28

Why is gaining colonies good

Answer 28

It is a way to achieve identity and unity, as well as to improve the economy through access to raw materials and new commercial markets

Question 29

Who led the attempts to improve the economy in the south

Answer 29

Giolitti

Question 30

What is it meant be a trade deficit

Answer 30

It occurs when the value of a country’s imports exceeds the value of its exports, a country is buying more goods and services than it is selling

Question 31

When was the Italian Nationalist association founded

Answer 31

1910

Question 32

What was the pact of steel

Answer 32

It was an alliance between Germany and Italy

Question 33

What were the main crops produced by Italian farmers

Answer 33

Silk, hemp, flax, cereals, grapes, oil, fruit and cheese

Question 34

What measures did Giolitti’s government take to improve health and education

Answer 34

- Sickness, accident and pension schemes - Raising the minimum working age to to 12 years - Setting a maximum number of working hours Responsibility for primary schooling passed from municipal council to central government, which saw more benefit in increasing literacy - Food taxes were reduced to make food more affordable - Laws were passed to enforce public holidays and provide free treatment for malaria

Question 35

What were the reasons for why Italian industrial development was so limited and localised

Answer 35

- A lack of key resources such as iron, steel and coal meant that Italy was forced to import them in significant quantities - The labour force was large but it was also unskilled - Industrial machinery had to be imported from abroad Communications, transport and energy sources were all underdeveloped in most areas.

Question 36

What the Italian public refer to Italy’s outcome of WW1

Answer 36

Mutilated Victory

Question 37

The Political System: Included the _________ (upper house) and the _______ __ _______ elected every __ years and had more political power than the upper house

Answer 37

- Senate | - Chamber of Deputies, 5

Question 38

Industry mainly in the North in 1911 ______, ______, _______ and accounted for 55% industrial income south mainly ________ and subsistence farmers High _________

Answer 38

- Milan - Turin, Genoa - peasants - illiteracy

Question 39

___ million Italians emigrated to the ______ by 1915, mainly from south Italy (viewed as disaster due to loss of _____

Answer 39

5- USA- skills

Question 40

Giolitti: PM ______ - _______ sought cooperation between the _________ and _________ favoured the creation of an Italian overseas empire towards end of the period convinced the Catholics and Socialists to join his __________

Answer 40

-1903- 1914 - catholics - socialists - coalition

Question 41

Giolitti's reforms: improved _________, literacy and the ________ prosperity workers who failed to see improvements organised themselves into ______ and movements enacted a series of measures allowing workers to organise, hold peaceful _______ and protests ___________ left unreformed and tended to support elites not workers and Giolitti favoured ________ goals over workers workers supported parties that supported their interests, widening divisions

Answer 41

- welfare - economic - unions - strikes - police - economic

Question 42

Socialists: main aim was the socialist deputies who sat in parliament: mostly _________ who would ally with the liberals to get their voices heard Socialist deputies could never fully be absorbed as: _________ used by police against striking workers often led to worker deaths Socialist party was ________: one group valued cooperation, others felt it was against workers Wider socialist gov rejected Giolitti's gov as _________ and ___________

Answer 42

- Moderates - Violence - Divided - Corrupt and Capitalist