The Life Cycle Flashcards
(44 cards)
what are biological and environmental factors present during prenatal period?
physical: infections, exposure to drugs
behavior: patterns in-utero can presage those that occur in birth
birth: 32% now by C-section
what is premature VS very premature birth? what may cause it?
premature < 37 weeks
very premature < 32 weeks
delayed childbearing or increased maternal age, low SES
what is an APGAR score?
Appearance (color) Pulse Grimace (reflex irritability) Activity (muscle tone) Respiration
used to predict likelihood of immediate survival
what are some postpartum reactions?
- baby blues - exaggerated emotionally and tearfulness lasting a few days after birth
- due to oxytocin-dopamine interactions associated with maternal-infant bond
- social and psychological factors - major depression - occurs in ~10% of new mothers within one month of childbirth
- can persist for up to 1 year - postpartum psychosis - 0.1%
how do spheres of development occur?
- cephalad to caudad
- central to peripheral
- from self to others, and from understanding to expressing
what is the Chess and Thomas theory?
temperament (birth endogenous differences)
-activity level, reactivity to stimuli, cyclic behavior patterns, reactions to people, mood, distratibility, attention span
what is the Erik Erikson theory?
critical periods of social goals
what is the Jean Piaget theory?
cognitive or learning capabilities
what is the Margaret Mahler theory?
separation-individuation
what is the Freud theory?
parts of body in which pleasure is derived
what occurs in infancy to 18 mo?
- human need for seeking presence of others
- attachment
- social smile at 12 weeks
- stranger anxiety at 9 months
- separation anxiety in first year, but object permanence comes first
how much will a stranger understand if a 1, 2, 3, and 4 year old speak to them?
1 yo: 25%
2 yo: 50%
3 yo: 75%
4 yo: 100%
what are reflexes and instincts infants have?
necessary for survival
- rooting reflex: touch cheek –> turn to nipple
- palmar grasp reflex: grip any object put in palm
- Moro reflex: limbs extend when child is startled
- Babinski reflex: dorsiflexion of toes when sole of foot is stroked (disappears at 1 year)
what occurs in the toddler years (18 mo to 3 years)?
Rapprochment: moves away (separation), but quickly returns for comfort
- at age 2, show autonomy (“No!”) as “Terrible Twos”
- parallel play next to, but not with, other children
- at 3 yo: spend a few hours away from mother in care of another adult, gender identify
- at 4 yo: bowel function
- at 5 yo: bladder function
what is solitary, parallel, associative, and cooperative play?
solitary: alone
parallel: play next to another child, but not reciprocal
associative: play together, but different “goals”
cooperative: play together with same goal
what occurs in preschool years (3 to 6 years)?
- sibling rivalry
- regression (to get attention)
- between 2 to 4 yo: vocabulary increases dramatically (repeats bathroom words)
- active fantasy life (imaginary friends), but knows they’re not real
- at 4 yo: cooperative play
- strong fear of bodily injury (not good for elective procedures
- curiosity about bodies (play doctor)
what are milestones at 6 yo?
- development of child’s conscious (superego)
- sense of morality (right VS wrong)
- empathy
- learns that lying is wrong
- understanding finality of death (associated fears of losing loved ones)
what occurs in school age and adolescence (7 to 11 years)?
- psychosexual issues are dormant/latent
- industry VS inferiority (compare selves to others)
- lifelong sense of competence
- formal schooling starts, thus capacity for logical thought (reason and mathematics)
- concrete operations (more than one property, concept of conversion)
- learning problems identified
what are play and peer relationships for school age kids?
- relationships with adults who are not primary caregiver
- peer relationships with same sex
- not fitting in may cause them to get bossy or aggressive, depressed, anxious, or low self-esteem
- sexuality: latent, identify with parent of same sex
- morality: rule conscious (“play fair”) but by 12 they are more flexible
- more complex motor tasks (team sports for gross motor skills)
- illness: deal better with hospitalization
- by age 9: universality of death (know they can die too)
- acting out as defense mechanism
what are changes in the brain that occur in adolescence?
- myelination (increased white matter to gray matter volume)
- frontal and parietal lobes still developing
- pruning of up to 50% of synaptic connections, decline in glucose and O2 metabolism
what occurs in early adolescence (11-14 years)?
puberty is physical indicator (girls at 10.5 yo VS boys at 11.5 yo)
- first menstruation 11-14 yo
- first ejaculation 12-15 yo
- complete by 13.5 to 15 years (Tanner staging)
- usually more obedient (older would oppose)
what occurs in middle adolescence (15-17 years)?
- by age 15: body image and popularity
- prefer to spend time with friends over family
- risk taking behavior (frontal lobe breaking system still developing)
- education about obvious short-term benefits specifically (appearance, popularity)
- autonomy/need for privacy
- -less likely to comply with medical advice
what occurs in late adolescence (18 to 20 years)?
- identity crisis: define and refine place in world
- role confusion
- some but not all can develop abstraction (hypothetical and formal reasoning through calculus and formal operations)
explain teenage sexuality and pregnancy
- daily masturbation is normal
- homosexual experiences may or may not be initial expressions of orientation
- average first sexual intercourse at 16 yo, marriage at 23 yo (sex before marriage is norm)
- fewer than 1/2 of sexually active teens regularly use contraceptive