the liver and gluconeogenesis

Question 1

physiological circulating glucose concentration/ average fasting concentration

Answer 1

physiological circulating glucose concentration= 3.9-6.7mM

fasting concentration= 4.4-5mM

Question 2

what’s pentose phosphate shunt

Answer 2

pathway that produces NADPH

Question 3

pathway in RBC and brain

Answer 3

RBC: exclusively glycolysis
brain: TCA + glycolysis

Question 4

gluconeogenesis sources

Answer 4

non-carb sources eg 
aa
glycerol 
lactate
other monosaccharides

Question 5

how is lactate converted into pyruvate

Answer 5

lactate dehydrogenase

Question 6

4 steps in gluconeogenesis that differ from glycolysis

Answer 6

1. pyruvate -> oxaloacetate by PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE
2. oxaloacetate-> PEP by PEP CARBOXYKINASE
3. fructose-1,6-bisphosphate -> fructose-6-phosphate by FRUCTOSE-1,6-BISPHOSPHATASE
4. glucose-6-phosphate-> glucose by GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATASE

Question 7

effects of insulin

Answer 7

liver: inhibits gluconeogenesis/ activates glycogen synthesis/ aa-> proteins/ glucose->glycogen/ glucose-> fa
muscle: aa-> protein/ increased GLUT 4-> glucose-> glycogen
adipocytes: fa-> TAG

Question 8

effects of glucagon

Answer 8

liver: glycogen-> glucose/ aa-> glucose/ lactate-> glucose/ FA-> acetyl coA
muscle: nothing
adipocytes: TAG-> FA